WARFARE OF MODERN TIMES. 87 



attached at the cheeks of the trail and two at the wheel-washers, at which 

 the men of the piece and the reserve draw. If the piece is to be trans- 

 ported to still greater distances, it is limbered up, as shown in fig. 37, 

 where the crew distributing themselves about the gun move on each side 

 of and parallel to it, those who serve the piece, at '' ®' "• and '", as they stand 

 at it ; those from the trail at '^ and '' at the limber ; the men of the reserve 

 at the limber at ^* and near the horses at '^ ; the non-commissioned officer 

 near the horses at the head as leader. This drill is used by the English 

 artillery ; with the Prussian and French it is simplified, as with them only 

 the prolonge is used, which is fastened either to the ring of the trail or 

 to the breast-transom, and then for considerable distances the piece is 

 moved not by its crew but by the limber at the end of the prolonge. For 

 short distances the piece is moved always by hand as in fig. 36. 



Castrametation. 



Castrametation is a distinct branch of military science, and belongs to 

 the department of the general staff officers. When a division of the army 

 is to encamp, a suitable place is first sought for by proper reconnoissances ; 

 then a camp is staked out, and the tents carried by the train, or huts and 

 bivouacs of material found on the spot, are set up by the persons detailed 

 for that purpose. The tents are designed to contain each, either 8 infantry 

 or half that number of cavalry, or else 16 infantry, or the same proportion 

 of cavalry. PL 29, fig. 41 * shows the ground plan of the small 8 man 

 tent; fig. 41 ^ the elevation of the same. In the centre of the tent stands 

 lengthwise a wooden frame, over which the tent is thrown, and whose 

 ridge-piece forms the top of the same. The front wall is straight, and 

 contains the entrance ; the back is half round, or rather conical. At the 

 bottom, the tent is fastened by means of tent pegs, on which a notch is cut, 

 and which are driven through loops in the ground, as shown in the figure ; 

 a shallow ditch being dug around them to carry off the water. The tent 

 for 16 men {fig. 42 a, h) is rounded at both ends, of double the size, and 

 has its entrance in the middle of the side. For laying out the camp and 

 setting off the right angles, the tracing line {fig. 43) is used ; but a right 

 angle can always be laid off very easily, by having in the measuring line 

 four knots, which are six, eight, and ten feet distant from each other, by 

 sticking a peg into the knot between six and eight, and then forming a 

 triangle of six, eight, and ten, the angle at the peg six will always be a 

 right angle. 



As to the general form of encampment, fig. 44 represents a camp of four 

 infantry regiments, two cavalry regiments, and three batteries. The rec- 

 tangle, a,a,a,a, 1410 paces in depth and 5872 paces (of two feet ) in breadth, 

 forms the line of the outermost posts. Then comes, 120 paces inside of this, 

 the second line of posts, 6, h, b, h, and again, at 120 paces from the front 

 and two sides of these, on three sides therefore, the tents of the camp 

 guard c, c, c. At A, A, A, A, is the camp of the four infantry regiments ; 



563 



