WARFARE OF MODERN TIMES. 89 



camp is on the alert, and all the men ready for action. Such advanced posts 

 are usually established in every case when, from any cause, the force is 

 not in condition to form instantly in battle array, ready for assault, as in 

 disembarkations, for example. Fig. 48 shows such a disembarkation of 

 French troops in Algiers. While the boats of the fleet are landing the 

 soldiery, and these are assembling, a chain of advanced posts is immedi- 

 ately thrown out, who observe the field in all directions, and, opposing a 

 slight resistance to any attempt of the foe, arouse the attention of the main 

 body, which will thus be in readiness to beat back the assailants. 



Orders and Badges of Honor. 



The military service is one of sacrifice and privation, and many qualities 

 are required from the soldier which are not nearly so indispensable for the 

 civilian, such as courage bordering on contempt of death, devotion, perspi- 

 cacity, presence of mind, endurance, and many other qualities seldom 

 united in the same individual, and even with the best requiring some 

 stimulus ; recognition at least, when they appear in a remarkable degree 

 and with striking effect ; where they are wanting, or injurious qualities 

 display themselves by the production of offences, admonition and punish- 

 ment. The system of rewards and punishments for the military must 

 therefore be a very elaborate one. 



We shall here speak only of the rewards, which consist of promotions 

 out of the regular order, and of personal distinctions by orders and tokens 

 of honor. Orders are the most common means of reward, as the possibility 

 of promotion is always limited, and by promotions out of the regular order 

 others less favored by fortune are often injured. Every state has its own 

 orders, and a great number of these, especially designed for distinction in 

 military service, are represented on Plates 30, 31, and 32, which we will 

 describe more in detail. 



Austrian Empire. The Military Order of Maria Theresa {pi. 30, upper 

 figs. 1 and 2) was founded by Maria Theresa as a reward for truth, 

 bravery, and capacity in the military class, and for the honorable remem- 

 brance of heroes and heroism. Its foundation day is the 18th of June, 

 1757 (Battle of Kollin). The order has Grand Crosses, Commanders, and 

 Knights. The insignia of the order are a gold white enamelled cross 

 {fis- » i^^ the centre shield is a silver beam on a red field, with the 

 motto, Fortitudini, around it. On the reverse is the name-cypher, M. T. F. 

 (Maria Theresa. Franciscus), enamelled in black upon a white field, sur- 

 rounded with a laurel wreath. The Grand Crosses wear the insignia 

 suspended from a hand-broad ribbon with three equal stripes of red and 

 white, and passing en echarpe from the right to the left ; the Commanders 

 from a similar one, but narrower, and en sautoir (round the neck) ; the 

 knights wear a smaller cross (fig. 2), at a narrow ribbon on the breast. 

 The Grand Crosses wear besides a silver embroidered decoration upon the 

 left breast, which displays the cross of the order resting upon a green laurel 



565 



