90 MILITARY SCIENCES. 



wreath in a golden border. All members receive the rank of Knight in 

 virtue of the Order, if they had it not before. 



The Order of Leopold (pi. 30, upper figs. 6 and 7) was founded by the 

 Emperor Francis L, on the 8th of January, 1808. It consists of Grand 

 Crosses, Commanders, and Knights, and is bestowed also on civilians. 

 The insignia of the Order are a gold cross, enamelled red, with white edges, 

 having on the face the name-cypher, F. J. A., in a red centre shield, with 

 the device, Integritate et merito, on the white border ; and on the reverse, 

 in an oak wreath, the Emperor Leopold's motto, Opes regum c&rda suhdi- 

 torum. Between the arms of the cross are golden oak leaves and acorns, 

 and above it the Imperial crown. Grand Crosses wear the order en echarpe 

 at a hand-broad, red silk, white bordered ribbon (fig. 6), and on the left 

 breast a silver octagonal star, with the cross of the Order. This Order 

 has also a collar, which is of gold, and consists of laurel wreaths and the 

 intertwined letters F. and L., adorned with the Imperial crown. The Com- 

 manders wear the cross at a narrower ribbon, and en sautoir ; the Knights 

 at a narrow ribbon on the breast (fig. 7). 



The Order of Elizabeth Theresa (fig. 3) is called also the Military Foun- 

 dation of Elizabeth Theresa. It was founded in 1750 by Elizabeth 

 Christina, the widow of Charles VI., for twenty Knights, and may be given 

 to persons of any nation or religion. The badge of the Order is an oval, 

 octagonal, red and white star, with a golden border, beneath the Imperial 

 crown in gold. The white central shield displays, under the golden Imperial 

 crown, the name-cyphers E. C. and M. T., and around them the device of 

 the Order : M. Theresia parentis gratiam perennem voluit. The order is 

 worn round the neck with a narrow black ribbon. The Catholic Knights 

 must pray daily three Pater Nosters and three Ave Marias for the founder. 

 The Lutheran must pay three ducats yearly to the Invalid Institute. 



The Order of the Iron Crown (figs. 4 and 5) was founded by Napoleon 

 in 1805, and confirmed by the Emperor Francis on the 12th of October, 

 1815. It is bestowed upon civilians also, consists of three classes, and has 

 twenty Knights of the first, thirty of 'the second, and fifty of the third class. 

 The Knights have, for all occasions of ceremony, an order dress in the 

 style of the middle ages, of yellow, blue, and white, with gold fringes and 

 embroidery. The badge of the Order is an imitation of the iron crown, 

 under a golden, imperial, crowned double eagle, who bears upon his breast 

 a blue heart-shaped shield, with the cypher F. Knights of the first class 

 wear the order with a broad gold-yellow silk ribbon (fig. 4) with dark blue 

 border, en echarpe from right to left, and besides, on the left breast, a silver 

 octagonal star, upon which is a round gold shield with the iron crown. 

 The shield has a blue border with gold edge, and the device of the Order : 

 Avita et aucta. The gold collar consists of the letters F. P., the iron crown, 

 and an oak wreath alternately. Knights of the second class wear a some- 

 what smaller badge at a narrower ribbon, en sautoir, and those of the third 

 class one still smaller on the breast (upper fig. 5). 



The Metal Cross of the Army (figs. 8 and 9) the Emperor Francis L 

 founded on the 31st of May, 1814, at Paris. It was given to all who had made 

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