WARFARE OF MODERN TIMES. 91 



• 

 the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, and consisted of a four-cornered cross, 



with a green oak wreath, coined from captured gun metal, having on one 



side the inscription : Grati princeps et patria. Franc. Imp. Aug., and on 



the other: Europce lihertate asserta, MDCCCXIII. MDCCCXIV. It is 



worn on the breast from a ribbon having three stripes of black and yellow. 



The Medal for Military Bravery (upper /^5. 10, 11, 12, 13) was estab- 

 lished by the Emperor Joseph II., and designed for the troops, from the ser- 

 geant major and sergeant downwards. It had at that time two classes. The 

 first {Jig. 10) consisted of a golden medal ($17 75 value) at a red ribbon, 

 the second (Jig. 11) of a silver medal (75 cents value) at a red and white 

 cross-striped ribbon with red and white border. Francis I. constituted the 

 medal anew; it is now worn at the breast from the same ribbon as in the 

 second class before, and is cast in gold and silver (Jigs. 12, 13), displaying 

 on one side the Emperor's bust, and on the other a laurel wreath and color, 

 with the legend : Der Tapferkeit (to bravery). 



Kingdom of Prussia. The Order of the Black Eagle (pi. 30, lower 

 Jigs. 1, 2, 3) was founded by King Frederick I. of Prussia, on the 18th of 

 January, 1701, and is the first order in the state. It was to have originally, 

 besides the sons and brothers of the reigning king (who were born Knights of 

 the Order), only thirty Knights, who must be at least thirty years of age, or, 

 if princes, of the age of confirmation, usually 14 years. The badge of the 

 Order consists of a gold, blue enamelled Maltese cross, on the central shield 

 of which is the cypher F. R. In the angles of the cross are four black 

 eagles with spread wings. The cross (Jig. 3) is worn from a hand-broad 

 orange colored silk ribbon, en echarpe from left to right. There belongs to 

 it on the left breast, a silver embroidered eight pointed star, with a round 

 centre shield, in which, on an orange colored ground, is a flying black 

 eagle, having a laurel wreath in one claw and a thunderbolt in the other. 

 The white border bears, in gold, the device of the Order : Suum cuique 

 (Jig. 1). Subsequently the knights had a peculiar Order costume, and a 

 collar (Jig. 2), which was composed of black eagles with thunderbolts, and 

 round shields set with four crowns. The shields were blue, with golden 

 borders and white centre fields, with the device of the Order. On the blue 

 ground stood four times the name-cypher "IF. R. At present the collar is 

 borne only at royal obsequies and as heraldic decoration, and the number 

 of knights is unlimited. They are at the same time Knights of the Order 

 of the Red Eagle of the first class, and wear it round the neck. 



The Order of the Red Eagle (pi. 30, lower^^s. 4 and 5) George William 

 instituted in 1705, when he was yet hereditary prince of Baireuth, and con- 

 firmed on his accession to the throne in 1712. It was regenerated on the 

 18th of January, 1810, and divided into three classes. The insignia of the 

 Order (Jig. 4) consist of a gold, white enamelled cross ; in its round white 

 centre shield soars, on the face, the crowned red eagle with the Hohenzol- 

 lern escutcheon (quartered black and white) on the heart, and a laurel 

 branch in the claws. On the reverse is the name-cypher F. W. on a white 

 ground, with a crown. The cross is the same for all classes, only of 

 different sizes. Knights of the first class wear it from a broad silk ribbon, 



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