92 MILITARY SCIENCES. 



white, with orange border, en echarpe from left to right, and with it, on the 

 left breast, a silver embroidered eight pointed star, whose centre shield is 

 like that of the Order cross, and has the superscription : Sincere et con- 

 stanter. Where the knight has been previously of the second and third 

 classes, oak leaves are added to the insignia. Knights of the second class 

 wear the badge of the Order, en sautoir, from a narrow ribbon, and the 

 oldest knights a four pointed silver embroidered star, worked with the full 

 insignia of the Order, on the left breast. Knights of the third class wear a 

 small cross, from a narrow ribbon, on the breast. On the 18th of January, 

 1830, the fourth class of the Order was founded, to take the place of the 

 Merit medal. The badge is of silver instead of enamelled gold (fig. 5). 

 Knights of the third class who have had the fourth, wear the third with a 

 bow. 



The Order of Military Merit (fig. 7) was instituted in 1665 by Prince 

 Charles Emilius, under the title, Ordre de la Generosite. Frederick IT., on 

 his accession to the throne in 1740, changed that name to its present one. 

 The badge of the Order is a blue enamelled Maltese cross, whose upper arm 

 bears the letter F under a crown, and the three other arms the inscription : 

 Pour le merite. In the angles of the cross are golden eagles with outspread 

 wings. The cross is worn, en sautoir, from a black silk ribbon with silver 

 border. Extraordinary merit adds oak leaves to the order, and a second 

 silver stripe to the border. Of this Order there is a peace class also for 

 civil merit. 



The Order of St. John (pi. 30, lower ^^. 6). After the old commanderies 

 of th« Order of St. John, Brandenburg, and the Mastership of the Army 

 were done away with in 1810 and 1811, the new Order of St. John was 

 founded on the 23d of May, 1812, as an order of merit, but principally as a 

 token of favor, given, however, only to nobles (without proof of ancestry). 

 The badge of the Order is a white enamelled Maltese cross, in the angles of 

 which are crowned black eagles with outspread wings. The cross is worn 

 by the knights, who form but one class, en sautoir, from a black watered 

 silk ribbon. On the left breast is worn a simple white Maltese cross. The 

 Order has a peculiar state uniform. 



The Iron Cross (figs. 9 and 10) was instituted on the 10th of March, 

 1813, for those who had rendered effective service to the fatherland. The 

 cross continues by inheritance in the regiment, so long as any deserving 

 persons remain in it who took part in the campaigns ot 1813 and 1814. 

 The Order has two classes. The cross is of cast iron, with silver border, 

 and bears the name-cypher F. W. under a crown, three oak leaves, and 

 the date, 1813 (fig. 9). Military men wear it from a black ribbon with 

 white border; civilians, from a white ribbon with black border (j/i^. 10), 

 both on the breast. Knights of the first class bear, in addition, a simple 

 black, silver bordered cross, as a star, on the left breast. There were also 

 some Grand Crosses (Bliicher, for example), who wore the cross twice as 

 large, en sautoir. This Order is now gradually dying out, as it was 

 bestowed only in 1813-14. 



The Medal of Military Merit (fig. 8), instituted in 1793 by Frederick 

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