WARFARE OF MODERN TIMES. 103 



worn en echarpe from a broad sky-blue riband. With this is worn upon 

 the breast a golden eight pointed star, with a gold central shield, upon 

 which lies a gold cross with wide red border. The central shield has a 

 blue border, with the inscription, Pro fide, rege et lege. The members of 

 the Order are named by letters in the Emperor's own hand. 



The Royal Imperial Military Service Decoration was founded by King 

 Stanislaus Augustus of Poland, but afterwards, when the king acceded to 

 the congregation of Targowitz, suppressed, and first renewed on the 26th 

 December, 1807, by King Frederick Augustus of Saxony, Duke of War- 

 saw, with all the rest of the Polish orders. The Emperor Alexander made 

 it the third Polish order. After the Polish Revolution it became a Russian 

 order, and was divided into five classes, but must no longer be conferred. 

 The badge of the order for Grand Crosses and Commanders is a gold, black 

 enamelled cross, with balls at the points, and the silver inscription, Virtuti 

 militari. The gold central field displays, in a green laurel wreath, the 

 White Eagle of Poland. Above the cross is the royal crown. Grand 

 Crosses wear the order, en echarpe, from a blue riband with black border, 

 and with it on the breast, an eight pointed silver star, bearing the cross of 

 the Order. Commanders of the first class wear the order en sautoir, and 

 with the star, of the second class without. Knights of the first class have 

 a small gold cross (pi. 32, Jig. 6), on whose four arms stand the letters 

 S. A. R. P. (Stan. Aug. Rex. Pol.), and in the central field the words, Rex 

 et patria. The cross is worn at the breast from a narrow blue riband with 

 black borders. For Knights of the second class the cross is of silver. 



The Ottoman Empire. The Order of the Crescent, founded in 1799 by 

 Sultan Selim III. in honor of the victory at Aboukir, and first conferred on 

 Nelson, consists of three classes, and is only given to foreigners for services 

 rendered to the Porte. The badge of the Order is a round gold medal, upon 

 whose red enamelled central shield is seen the Turkish crescent-moon and a 

 star in diamonds surrounded by rays. The reverse displays, on a like red 

 central shield, the name-cypher of Selim III. in gold. The order is worn by 

 Knights of the first class from a broad, red silk riband, en echarpe, from 

 the right, and with it, on the left breast, an eight-pointed star embroidered 

 in silver (Jig. 7), upon which lies the badge of the order, but in oval. 

 Knights of the second class wear the order en sautoir ; of the third class 

 at the breast, from a narrow riband, and the moon and star are of silver 

 only. 



The Medal of Honor {pi. S2, fig. 8), which Selim III. likewise distributed, 

 after the battle of Aboukir, is like the Order of the Crescent, but entirely 

 of gold, and worn from a ribbon of golden yellow. 



Kingdom of Persia. The Order of the Sun-Lion (fig. 9) was founded 

 by Feth Ali Schah in 1808, after the example of the Turkish Order of the 

 Crescent, is conferred likewise on foreigners, and has two classes, Stars 

 and Medals. The badge is a golden, white enamelled, six-pointed, rounded 

 star with golden balls, which rests upon a green enamelled wreath of palm 

 leaves. The central field displays the rising sun, and on the reverse, a 

 couchant lion. It is worn from a flame-colored riband about the neck. The 



aid 



