FORTIFICATION. 161 



mated, and have earthen parapets. The bastions themselves have still a 

 redoubt, m, in front of which lies the ditch, k I. The flanks, r and 5, lie 

 amphitheatrically one above the other. The ravelin, 2, is arranged like the 

 bastion, and has, at c, a blockhouse for the defence of the ditch. In front 

 of the faces of the enceinte lie bastion shields, couvre-faces, with simple 

 earthen parapets, in whose re-entering angles lie the lunettes, x, with the 

 blockhouses, udt; open to the ditch, y y' and y^, are blockhouses and 

 traverses for the defence of the ditch. 



11. Montalembert, at last, entirely rejected the bastioned trac6, and 

 instead of this has directed against all the fronts of attack a powerful fire of 

 small arms from several covered stories. His first system was designed for 

 simplicity, and exhibited [jig. 11) only two long faces, A B, between which 

 the curtain, C, was broken bastion-like, and had in front a kind of ravelin, 

 D ; E and F were the places-of-arms of the covered-way. The second 

 system {fig. 12) has the enceinte, aeghfb, constructed by means of the 

 polygon side, a b, and the perpendicular, c d, after Cormontaigne ; but the 

 curtain, C, is separated and forms a bomb-proof, casemated caserne, which 

 is either bastion-like as at D, or as at E leans against a tower redoubt. Fig. 

 35 is a view of one half of one of Montalembert's towers. Fig. 36, the 

 vertical section of the same. Fig. 37, the ground plan of one quadrant at 

 the surface of the earth, and^^. 38, of the same through one of the stories. 

 The bastions, B {fig. 12), have redoubts, A. The ravelin, F, is in its 

 form, Im n op q, and its points of alignment, k and i, constructed after 

 Vauban's second manner, and has a first redoubt, G, and a second, H. The 

 third and most complete system of Montalembert is shown, for a regular 

 square, in fig. 13, in the right half without the parapets. The sides of 

 the square are drawn back in the centre, and here are found the casemated 

 ravelin, A, of three* stories, arranged above f(jr open defence within and 

 without. To these adjoin, next to the ditch, a crenelled, two story, case- 

 mated wall, ah, then an earthen rampart, I, then a crenelled w^all, cdc, and 

 behind this a tower, E, and last comes a third crenelled wall,/^/, in two 

 stories. In the ditch lie four covered casemated caponnieres, G, of three 

 stories, with 27 cannon. Beyond the ditch lies an earthen rampart, 

 hi kill, surounding the whole, with a free standing crenelled wall in front 

 of it, Imnm I, which is casemated in the re-entering angles, m n m, and has 

 there the entrances, 0. In front of G are found raised casemated faces, p q. 

 In the re-entering angles of the earthen rampart, Imnm I, are built 

 lunettes, H, of earth with casemated flanks, I. The lunettes have redoubts. 

 k, in the form of free standing walls. Finally, a general covered-way, r s 

 tuvutrs, with the glacis, covers the whole fortification. Fig. 17 shows 

 the profile of this fortification, along the line, L M, of the ground plan, and 

 fig. 18 along R S, wherefrom the interior arrangement of the works can 

 easily be perceived. X is the head of the tower at H in the ground plan. 



12. The system of Carnot {fig. 15) consists of a general enceinte formed 

 by a great wall, h ace ah, without any revetment of earth, made up of a 

 series of redans, whose flanked angles, h, lie 600 feet from one another, and 

 whose faces, ah, form right angles with the flanks, a c' The wall is 26 feet 



637 



