HISTORY OF NAVIGATION. 21 



also a sort of bowsprit, which is only occasionally rigged, allowing the use 

 of a small jib. The vessel admits of a complete deck. 



The fishing boats on this coast, and northwards as far as Bombay, are 

 sharp in the prow, round in the stern, and shaped like an almond. The 

 larger boats carry a mast like the patamars. The flat boats of this district 

 are thirty feet long, four feet broad, and three feet deep, with a curved 

 bottom of two feet in breadth, to which the sides are attached at a sharp 

 angle, running into a curve of sixty degrees both at stem and stern. The 

 pirogues which are used on the rivers for the transportation of rice, are 

 from thirty-eight to forty feet long, and only three feet broad, without keel, 

 and nearly round in the sides. As soon as they are loaded, they are 

 covered with an arched deck, extending the whole length of the vessel, and 

 raised at the stern where the steersman sits like the boot of a carriage, so 

 that he sits under cover. 



In the vicinity of Goa we find panianys, which, with the exception of a 

 straight keel, resemble the above-mentioned patamars in construction, but 

 are of a smaller size. When they are intended to carry timber they are 

 built on a somewhat different model, the keel being curved, and the sides 

 rounding. The length is sixty feet, and the greatest breadth eighteen feet ; 

 the stern is finished after the European fashion ; precisely at midships 

 stands the main-mast, and a smaller mizen-mast half way between the 

 centre and stern. A deck is carried to this mast, forming a cabin. The 

 lines in these vessels are all curved, even in the gangways, while as a 

 general rule straight lines prevail. The pirogues also in this district are 

 worthy of notice. The largest are from twenty-five to thirty feet in length, 

 fifteen in breadth, coming to a uniform point at stem and stern, forming 

 two equal segments of a circle. Their depth does not exceed three feet ; 

 their sides form an ellipse, somewhat cut down at the upper surface, the 

 planks being laid perpendicularly. The body of the vessel is composed of 

 curved planks, parallel to each other, and strengthened with ribs. The oar 

 benches are all forward. The rudder is arranged like that of our fishing 

 boats. A square sail is attached to the mast, which stands towards the 

 prow. The small pirogues of Goa have their side planks placed, not per- 

 pendicular, but oblique, bulging out towards the top. They are from 

 fifteen to twenty feet long and three feet wide. In order to prevent swamping 

 in a rough sea, they are furnished with what is called a balance frame. 

 Two bars from fifteen to twenty feet long are placed across each side, and 

 fastened to planks extending with their whole length over the sides of the 

 vessel. The four ends of these bars are connected two by two with beams 

 which lie on the surface of the water, by which the breadth of the vessel is 

 so much increased that it cannot upset. Many pirogues have this arrange- 

 ment only on the leeward side, and then the lay of the balance frame 

 changes with the wind. These pirogues often also have a mast. PI. 6, 

 Jig. 10, shows the balance frame in a small vessel, and fig. 9, in a larger 

 one. We shall again return to these vessels, which more properly belong 

 to the lagoons of Manilla. 



Among the smaller vessels of Cochin-China, we may notice the bandars^ 



ICONOGRAPHIC ENCYCLOP.«DTA. — VOL. III. 43 673 



