22 NAVAL SCIENCES. 



a kind of fishing boat thirty feet long and four feet broad, the keel running 

 in a very flat elliptical line, and the prow and stern terminating in orna- 

 mental work, which is a characteristic of almost all the vessels of the 

 Malabar coast. The sides are shaped somewhat like the Goa pirogues. 

 The bandars have a rudder, and a mast of bamboo wood, at about one 

 third of the distance from the stern to the prow. The sail is square, m.ade 

 of netting, stretched by a cross-piece of bamboo, and managed by a rope at 

 the bottom. 



The larger coasting vessels of this region, which are chiefly used for the 

 transportation of teak wood, are constructed like the panianys and pata- 

 mars, though the sides have a different shape. They have a stern castle, 

 like the panianys, but also have a similar construction on the prow, so that 

 the side, which is about thirty feet long, takes about four or five feet deeper 

 water, making it more convenient to put the cargo on board. Although 

 of considerable size, they are for the most part propelled only by oars. 



In the vicinity of Travancore on the Malabar coast, there is a remark- 

 able kind of boat called pamban, from thirty to sixty feet long, but only 

 three feet broad. Their sides form a very flat curve, terminating in sharp 

 points, which are richly ornamented with carved work. These boats are 

 used principally in the rice trade. 



Ceylon and the Coromandel coast also have their peculiar vessels. The 

 pirogues were the first in which the system of balance frames was adopted. 

 The most remarkable of these are the madel-pavoacoas and the anjeelas of 

 Colombo. The former are very broad pirogues, with almost entirely flat bot- 

 toms, about four feet in width, the planks fastened with clamps and knee-tim- 

 bers. The bottom, as in our vessels, rises at the stem and stern, and the boat 

 is generally covered with a rounding deck. The anjeela is a double pirogue, 

 formed of two common pirogues connected, with a space of four feet 

 between them, covered with a deek, on which is a semicircular pavilion six 

 or seven feet high, and from ten to twelve feet long. A large coasting 

 vessel in this region is called the doni. This is from sixty to sixty-five feet 

 in length and from nineteen to twenty feet in breadth. A vertical section 

 forms a semi-ellipse ; they have an arched deck, giving a space below nine 

 or ten feet high in the centre. The hull is planked, with covered joints ; 

 the planks are fastened by cross-bands to the knee-timbers, and the vessel 

 is sharper in the stern than in the stem. The keel has a peculiar shape, 

 it being quite straight below, but meeting the bow in a sharp curve, 

 and entering its fore part to a considerable depth. It runs back to the 

 stern, continuing straight for some length, and after the bulge of the hull 

 turns up in a moderate curve. The rudder is like the European. The 

 donis have a balance frame, two masts, and a short bowsprit. They have 

 wooden anchors, resembling those of the Malays {pi. 5, Jig. 11). There 

 are also donis without balance frames, which are constructed more like 

 European vessels. (See pi. 6, Jigs. 7 and 8). The catamaran is a very pecu- 

 liar vessel of this region, being a kind of raft for communicating between 

 the islands and the Asiatic continent. In Ceylon they are made of three 

 beams and in Coringui of five, which are so hewn as to be longest in the 

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