HISTORY OF NAVIGATION. 29 



in fig. 10 is called a kuguar. It carries three masts, with a straight square 

 sail, and a bowsprit with a jib. The masts are all in one piece. The freight 

 ships in the roads of Sourabaya are very long, slender, and shallow ; their 

 transverse section is almost semicircular ; they are moved partly by stand- 

 ing rowers and partly by large oblique square sails on very low masts. The 

 long rudder is fixed at the side of the stern-post. The deck is covered with 

 a projecting roof of rice-straw. The prao-pend-jalengs are a kind of small 

 freight boat, one of which is represented as drawn ashore (pi. 5, fig. 14). 

 These boats have a peculiar arrangement for stretching their triangular 

 sail. 



In the Archipelago of the Moluccas, formed by the Banda and Gilolo 

 groups of islands, the coasting vessels of Amboyna (pi. 6, fig. 5) possess an 

 uncommon interest, as they combine the nautical construction of the Malay 

 vessels with an arrangement of the masts and rigging very similar to the 

 European. A sort of platform is erected above deck, forming a second 

 deck, under which the cargo and crew find a good shelter. There are also 

 the coasting vessels represented in fig. 4, which have a sort of cabin on the 

 regular Malay frame, while the forward part of the vessel is protected from 

 the rays of the sun by a tent-like awning. The only mast stands near the 

 stern. 



The Manado caracores, on the island of Celebes, are a kind of row-boat, 

 used for the transportation of goods. On the sides of the boat, which has a 

 curved elliptical keel with very high ends, there are long beams supporting 

 galleries on their forward end, which is provided with holes, like the colum- 

 baria of the ancient ships. The rowers are seated on this structure, with 

 their oars passing through the holes. The galleries are narrower forward 

 than aft. The vessel itself is covered with a roof. These vessels, which 

 are either the model or an imitation of the caracores of the middle ages, 

 have also anchors of a peculiar form, like a disk, with a double quadrangular 

 pyramid passing through it, to the end of which the cable is attached. The 

 rowers also sometimes stand on the galleries, and in that case each boat has 

 but one, and at the same time carries a mast (fig. 14). Another kind of 

 Celebes coaster is shown in fig. 13, in which less account is made of the 

 rowers, as they have two masts. 



In the Manilla lagoons, and in the Philippine islands generally, we usually 

 find very narrow vessels, and for that reason the balance frames are employed 

 not only with pirogues, but also with larger vessels, as the coasters (figs. 9 

 and 1 1) ; they have at all events a broader or less projecting platform 

 (fig. 12), in order to guard against upsetting. All these coasters are sailing 

 vessels, and usually have two masts, each of which is made of only one 

 piece. The sails are square and very clumsy, being made of mats like the 

 Chinese. They almost without exception have flat bottoms and blunt 

 sterns. Each ship has two rudders. The passenger boats of Caviteh have 

 open pavilions, with platforms, over which a tent is extended. 



b. North Oceanica, Polynesia, and Central Oceanica. On the islands 

 forming these three divisions of Oceanica, the skill with which the natives 

 construct their pirogues and corocoras, or war-boats, is carried to the high- 



681 



