56 NAVAL SCIENCES. * 



with tacks (fig. 1 "), but in the upper sails their place is supplied by the 

 sheets. 



The main sheets {fig- 1 ') are fastened to the two lower ends of the sail, 

 and serve. to haul it aft. Their length is equal to the length and twice 

 the breadth of the ship (313 feet 10 inches). The foresail, also, has such 

 sheets ('"). 



The main bowlines (") are attached to the leeches of the mainsail, to 

 stretch them forward to the wind. The foresail has bowlines (^*), and all 



the yard sails p ="'"*' *0. 



The main clewgarnets (®). Clewgarnets are ropes by which the clews of 

 the lower square sails are drawn up so that they hang from their yards like 

 curtains, and can be furled and made fast. 



The clewlines are the ropes by which the clews of the upper sails are 

 drawn up to the yard. The clewgarnets of the mainsail are of the same 

 'ength as the lifts. They are applied behind the sails. The clewlines are 

 divided into buntlines ("*), which draw upon the centre of the sail, the leech- 

 lines, on the sides, and the between-lines, between those two points. Their 

 length is one eighth less than the length of the ship (182 feet). The main- 

 mast has also the clewlines of the main topsail, ^® ; its buntlines, " ; the 

 clewlines of the main top-gallant sail, ^^ ; its sheets, ^^ ; its jeers, '" ; and the 

 jeers of the main top-gallant sail, ^\ and its sheets, ". 



The reef lines are short ropes passing through the holes in the reef bands, 

 projecting alike on both sides of the sail. They serve to shorten the sail 

 (pi. 2S, fig. 3, where the sailors are reefing a topsail, shows these reef lines). 

 The reef tackle is used to draw up the part of the sail which is to be reefed, 

 and consists of a rope 280 feet long. 



The following ropes, pertaining to the fore and mizen masts, have, in 

 genera], the same object as those of the main-mast, differing only in size, 

 and consequently we shall merely briefly enumerate them, still referring to 

 pi U,fig. 1. 



The /ore shrouds* have only eight ropes. The fore futtock shrouds* have 

 five on each side. The /ore s^a?/* goes to the bowsprit. The /ore ^reuew^er 

 5^0!?/* stands above it. The /ore ^'eers. The fore lifts "^^ The fore braces ^\ 

 The fore backstays* one eighth shorter than the main backstays. The 

 fore top-gallant backstays.* The fore topmast shrouds* with five ropes. 

 The foretop futtock-shroud ropes* two on each side. The/ore top-gallant- 

 mast shrouds* have two ropes on each side. The fore topmast stay* The 

 foretop-sail halliards. The foretop rope. The foi'e topsail lifts, ", are 

 18 feet shorter than the main topsail lifts. The /ore topsail braces, *\ The 

 fore top-gallant stay.* The fore top-gallant halliards. The fore top-gallant 

 lifts, **. The/o?'e top-gallant braces, ^^ The /ore royal braces. The cZez^j- 

 lines, ^^'^^''^'''^\ The fore top-gallant jeers, *\ The fore royal jeers, *^. The 

 fo7^e top-gallant sheets, ^\ The fore royal sheets, ^°. The buntlines, ", ". 

 The tie of the fore topsail. 



The mizen shrouds* consist of five ropes. The mizen futtock shrouds,* 

 three ropes. The mizen stay* runs to the mainmast. The mizen jeers.* 

 The mizen braces, ". The mizen lifts, ^^ The backstays* of^ the mizen 

 708 



