RIGGING, (fee. 59 



The mizen studding-sails are fastened to the mizen yard-arms. The 

 mizen gaff-sail, on the top-mast, is similar to the spanker, but is seldom 

 used. 



Besides the parts already described, we find in (pi. 11, Jig. 1), A, the 

 boat hanging to the scantles ; AA, the small boat; BB, the stern galleries ; 

 C, the rudder ; E, the hammocks between the nettings ; F, the first battery ; 

 G, the second battery ; H, the third battery ; I, the entrance port ; K, the 

 davits, with anchors ; LL, the hawse-holes, with the chain-cables ; M, the 

 lite-buoy ; T, the national flag; UUU, straps or hangers, with rings on the 

 top, to which the lower yards are hung. 



d. Flags and Pennants. In the outfit of a ship we reckon the fiags^ 

 pennants, signals, and streamers, which are made of a thin woollen stuff 

 called hunting. Flags are long quadrangular banners, which are drawn up 

 at the peak of the gaff, or at the mast-head, with the shorter sides perpen- 

 dicular. One side is bound with linen, and has a small rope attached to it 

 with a loop, to which is fastened the line for hoisting the flag. The flags of 

 men-of-war are at least from four to five yards high, and about six yards 

 long. Each nation has its own flag, which is displayed at the peak of the 

 gaff, while a smaller one, called the jack, waves on a jack-staff erected at 

 the end of the bowsprit. The flag at the mast-head is a sign that the adn«i- 

 ral is on board. His flag is displayed at the main top-gallant-mast. The 

 vice-admiral carries his flag at the fore top-gallant-mast, and the rear-admi- 

 ral at the head of the mizen top-gallant-mast. But if they have the com- 

 mand of a particular squadron, their flags are then displayed on the top of 

 the main-mast. When the admiral enters upon his command, his flag is 

 hoisted {pi. 24, fig. 3) with great ceremony, accompanied with salutes of 

 cannon and martial music ; all the vessels in the harbor display their colors, 

 and fire salutes to the admiral's flag. When the king or emperor is on 

 board, the royal standard is displayed from the head of the main top-gallant- 

 mast. 



The pennants form a triangle, the length of which is equal to that of the 

 flag, but the breadth not quite half the height of the flag. Pennants are of 

 two kinds. The first {pi. 10, fig. 8) has its smaller end slit up about two 

 thirds of its length ; the others run to a point {fig. 9). The last are hoisted 

 in the same manner as the flags ; the first are fastened at the broad end to 

 an inch-staff, which is connected by a loop to the line. The broad pennant 

 is the sign of a commodore or captain who is in command of a special 

 squadron. 



A streamer {fig. 3, at the mast-head) is six inches broad at the larger 

 end, and is fastened to a staff at the mast-head. It is divided at about one 

 third of its length from the small end, and in large ships is 15 or 20 yards 

 long, and sometimes more. The streamer displayed at the top of the main- 

 mast is the sign that the captain is in command of the ship. 



The vane (fig. 7) is very small and of different lengths. It is stretched 

 at one end on a piece of wood, which turns on an iron spindle, showing the 

 direction of the wind. Vanes are used chiefly by merchantmen. Ships of 

 war carry not only their own flags, but those of other nations ; and in war 



711 



