60 NAVAL SCIENCES. 



merchantmen do the same, in order to deceive the enemy. On coming into 

 port, a ship displays its flag at the peak (pi. 25, fig. 3). A conquered ship 

 of war surrenders by striking its flag {fig. 4). When a general salute is 

 given all the sails are furled, the flags are displayed, and the sailors are 

 paraded on the yards ; at the same time a salute is fired by the cannon. 

 PL 25, fig. 1, is an English ship of the line of 120 guns. On occasions 

 of ceremony, the ships are dressed with flags. Fig. 2 is a French ship of 

 the line of 120 guns. Flags are hung on all the masts, stays, shrouds, and 

 other rigging. Etiquette is here observed in the disposition of the flags and 

 pennants, the place of each being determined by the relation with the power 

 which it represents. The flag of the royal house is placed at the head of 

 the main- top-gall ant-mast, and that of friendly powers at the heads of the 

 fore and mizen-top-gallant-masts. The more unfriendly the relations with 

 foreign states, the lower is the position of their flags. The least honorable 

 place of all is over the cutwater. The flags in pi. 13 are designated by 

 colors on the lower border of the plate. The names of the countries to 

 which they respectively belong will be found in the Table of Contents. 



C. Equipment of Ships. 



The equipment of a ship includes a great variety of articles which, though 

 necessary to its service, are not comprised in its construction. 



a. The Anchors. One of the most important parts of the equipment of 

 a ship is the anchor, with its cable, serving to hold the ship in the same 

 place, so that it can be moved neither by the wind, the waves, nor the tide. 

 PI. 10, figs. 14 to 29, shows a variety of different anchors and their separate 

 parts. The anchor is a large iron instrument, which consists chiefly of a 

 shank, and two arms which terminate in flukes. One of these (Jig. 20), as 

 soon as the anchor touches, strikes into the ground, and, by means of the 

 cable connecting the ship with the anchor, the ship is held fast. 



The parts of the anchor are the shank, A (fig. 19), the length of which, 

 in proportion to its thickness, is as 18 or 16 to 1. The ai^ms, DD, are two 

 hooks which project in opposite directions from the lower end of the shank, 

 called the crown, e (fig. 14). The flukes or palms are broad triangular 

 pieces, pointed at the ends, which are forged into the extremities of the 

 arms, and well adapted to take hold of the bottom. The ring, G, which 

 passes through the eye, E, serves to hold the cable. The stock, A (fig. 18), 

 consists of two beams of wood joined together by iron bands and rivets, 

 inclosing the shank, B, below the ring, C, and standing at right angles to 

 the plane of the arms. In constructing ths anchor, the shank was for- 

 merly forged out of a single piece ; later rods of iron were welded together 

 (fig. 17, section) ; and finally it received the form as in C (fig 16), the 

 projections, a and b, being added, and the hole for the ring made at A. 

 Places were arranged for the arms, which were forged separately, and then 

 welded on. In this process three fires were necessary, one for the shank, 

 and one for each arm ; the forging was done on an anvil with an octagonal 

 hole, through which the arms were passed in order to give the anchor the shape 

 as inj^^. 14. The piece, C (fig. 15), was added to the arm, B, and the fluke, 

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