EQUIPMENT. 61 



A, to each arm. According to the modern fashion, the arms of the anchor 

 have nearly a crescent form (fig. 19) ; the shank is forged of such a length, 

 that it can be split and turned at H and B to each side, in order to form the 

 upper surface of the arms ; an iron wedge is then inserted at the crown, 

 and a band laid on, which forms the lower surface of the arms, D. After 

 all is welded together, the flukes, C, are attached. The stock serves to 

 prevent the anchor from falling on the flat side, in which case the flukes 

 would not sink into the ground, nor gain any hold. It also serves to turn 

 the anchor if it falls flat, as the waves and the draught of the cable will 

 turn the stock, which, being lighter than the water, and presenting a broad 

 surface to it, will always remain partially floating, and the draught of the 

 cable will then force the flukes into the ground. 



The weight of the anchor is determined by the size of the ship. Each 

 ship has several anchors. A ship of the line of 120 guns {pi. II, Jig. 1) has 

 four anchors of 9000 pounds' weight, one of 8000, two of 2700, one of 2500, 

 and one of 1200. They all have their place at the forward part of the ship, 

 partly on the outside. The sheet anchor is the heaviest, and is only used 

 in case of a storm. A smaller sheet anchor is stowed on the lower 

 deck and is only used on great emergencies. The next is the bow anchor, 

 which lies on the larboard side of the bows. The stream anchor is on the 

 starboard side. The hedges are used chiefly for warping a vessel from one 

 place to another in a harbor or river. Besides these there are small anchors 

 with three or four arms (pL 10, Jig. 26), called grapnels. Fig. 27 is Stuart's 

 grapnel. They are used to secure boats. There is another kind called 

 grappling irons {Jig. 28), used with a chain instead of a rope, and serving 

 to grapple with an enemy's vessel and for other purposes. 



The different uses to which anchors are applied give rise to a variety 

 of expressions. For example, when the anchorage is bad, a second 

 anchor is connected with the first, this arrangement being termed hack- 

 ing the anchor {Jig. 29). Of the two anchors with which a ship is 

 moored, one is called the shore anchor and the other the sea anchor. We 

 have also the Jlood or the ehh, the weather or the lee anchors, according to 

 their position. In order to ascertain the exact place where the anchor lies, 

 a rope is attached to the ring, before casting anchor, with a floating block 

 of wood, called a huoy, at the other end. Pieces of cork {pi. 10, Jig. 32) 

 and casks {Jig. 31) laid over with ropes are also used for buoys. A pecu- 

 liar kind of anchor, called from its shape the mushroom anchor, is shown 

 m^Jig. 33. It has neither arms nor flukes, but a trencher-formed foot, 

 sharply curving upwards. It also has no stock, as the foot, A, is always 

 ready to take hold, and is so heavy that the shank, B, never turns 

 over to the ground. In harbors and roads, permanent anchors are used, to 

 which the ships are fastened instead of casting their own anchors. The 

 forked anchors (fig. 21) are used for this purpose. They consist of a short 

 shank. A, with the ring, B, for the cable, and two parallel arms, C and C 

 Fig. 22 is a shovel anchor, the shank of which has the stock, D, and the 

 ring, C, at one end, and the broad, heavy shovel. A, at the other. The 

 large hook-anchor (fig. 23) serves to hold several small vessels. It has 



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