DIFFERENT KINDS OF SniPS. 75 



thrown from the fore chain-wales, but hauled up and examined on the poop 

 deck {pi. 23, Jig. 4), and the nautical observations are here taken; it for- 

 merly carried cannon, but now it has only swivels. The deck runs from the 

 taffrail to the mizen-mast, where it has a railing, which projects four or five 

 feet over the cabin, resting there on posts. 



Under this projection is the wheel (pi. 9, Jig. 27 ^') [^°]. It is about nine 

 feet in diameter, with an axle of fifteen inches {pi. 21, Jig. 2). 



The binnacle is before the wheel. This is a wooden box with three 

 sliding partitions; in the middle division is a lamp hanging on gimbals, and 

 in each of the contiguous divisions a compass, which is lighted by the lamp. 

 Here also are kept the hour-glasses, the half-minute-glasses for the log, the 

 spy-glasses, and the copper speaking-trumpets. No iron must be used about 

 the binnacle. 



The deck-light of the church ** [^'] is partly covered with a grating 

 and partly with windows, forming a lantern with oblique sides ; in rain and 

 storms it is covered with a tarpaulin. 



The accommodation-ladders *^ [®^] are on the outside of the ship from the 

 forward part of the quarter-deck to the surface of the water ; they have 

 ropes on each side, w^hich, fastened at the top to iron bolts, serve as balusters. 



The gangways *^ ["^J on each side of the ship connect the quarter-deck with 

 the forecastle. 



The forecastle, E, carries three 8-pounders on each side. Two ladders 

 ^* [®^] lead from the after part of the forecastle to the main deck ; between 

 the forecastle and the main deck is the ship's bell ^° [**], which is rung 

 from the main deck ; the chimneys '® [^^] of each galley have movable 

 pots, to prevent the return of the smoke ; the fore-cross-pieces ^^ [^®], for 

 the running rigging of the fore-mast ; the davits ^' ["], to hold the anchor 

 when it is about to be cast, and to bring it up when it is hove ; the kevels 

 " ["] are stout cleats on the sides of the ship, for belaying the large ropes. 



As we have described the Dutch ship of war at length, we need not 

 enter into details with regard to the French ship, which is the same in all 

 essential points, differing only in certain arrangements, which are shown 

 in pi. 12. Fig. 1 is the main-forward-deck, fig. 2 the after-deck, and fig. 3 

 a lengthwise view of a French two-decker, with a portion of the planking 

 removed. For the sake of still greater clearness, we have given on pi. 22, 

 fig. 1, an external view of the forward part of a French frigate, fig. 2 the 

 after part. We have only to add one story, and we have a two-decker. 

 In pi. 12, figs. 1, 2, 3, A A are boats hanging at their scantlets ; BB, the stern- 

 galleries ; C, the rudder; D, the poop; E, the hammocks; F, the first bat- 

 tery ; G, the second battery ; H, the third (half) battery ; K, the davits, 

 with the anchor ; LL, the hawse holes, with the cables ; N, the top ; \ sail- 

 ors on the main top ; ', men drying the sails ; ^ hoisting the signal flags ; 

 *, tarring the bowsprit ; \ lowering the water-casks through the main hatch ; 

 ^ the surgeon examining the sick ; \ the captain's cabin ; ^ the dining-room ; 

 ^ the galley ; ^°, midshipmen's cabin (see also pi. 21, fig. tj) ; ", the sailors' 

 quarters ; ", drilling at the guns ; '^ officers' cabin ; ", officers' mess-room ; 

 ", hospital ; ^\ drilling the marines ; ", the sailors at dinner ; '', repairing 



72Y 



