82 NAVAL SCIENCES. 



with gafF-sails on the mizen. Fig. 10 represents a barque with her sails 

 loose; pi. 16, Jig. 4, one at anchor, taking in freight. By a barque in the 

 Mediterranean is understood a short, full-built ship, with the greatest breadth 

 forward. The main-mast is in one piece, but high, and fitted with a main- 

 sail, a top-sail, and a stay-sail ; the mizen-mast is in the common form, with 

 top-mast and top-sail. The fore-mast inclines forward and carries a lateen- 

 sail. A beak takes the place of the bowsprit. 



Galliots are two-masted. They carry masts and sails like brigs, only the 

 fore-mast is the highest. Fig. 8 shows a galliot under sail. 



Howkers, when they are three- or two-masters, are similar to the galliots, 

 but have a head forward. They usually carry a main-mast and a mizen- 

 mast. They have a main-sail, and often a top-sail and top-gallant-sail. 

 There is a fore-stay forward with a jib, and often a flying-jib on the jib- 

 boom. These vessels are in use among the Dutch, the Danes, and the 

 Swedes. 



Cutters are rather flat, round at stem and stern, and have a main-mast 

 and mizen-mast {pi. 16, fig. 1). The mizen-mast, and sometimes also the 

 main-mast, carries a gaff*-sail with a bonnet, which in good weather is laced 

 to the lower part of the sail, in order to increase its area. They are virtu- 

 ally only two-masted sail-boats. 



A kind of vessel, called a tub, is used in the North Sea and the Baltic, 

 fitted with lee-hoards, in order to prevent too great lee-way with a side 

 wind. These lee-boards are made of thick planks plated with iron, with 

 about twice the length of the vessel's depth, and the breadth equal to half 

 the length. They are in the shape of a butterfly's wing. They are attached 

 to the sides of the vessel, where they turn on a head-bolt, and when in use 

 hang like a sword on the side. There is one on each side of the ship, 

 and when it sails near the wind, the lee-board is hung perpendicularly in 

 the water on the lee-side, enabling the ship to make more resistance to the 

 wind and thus diminishing the lee-way. When their use is no longer 

 required, they are drawn back by a tackle to the sides of the ship. 



Schooners have two masts, with gafT-, boom-, and stay-sails. If they 

 carry a sail between the mast-head and the gaff*, they are called topsail 

 schooners. 



Hermaphrodite brigs (pi. 16, fig. 2) are two-masted vessels, brig-rigged 

 forward and topsail-schooner-rigged abaft. 



C. Ships for Special Purposes. 



Certain vessels, which, strictly speaking, belong to the class of mer- 

 chantmen, are yet built for special purposes, and consequently have 

 a peculiar construction, sometimes in the exterior but always in the 

 interior. 



Among these we may reckon the fishermen, merchant vessels, but pro- 

 vided with the necessary apparatus, boats, and other arrangements for 

 fishing. Whale-ships (fig. 4) are built for the pursuit of whales in the 

 Northern Ocean, the South Sea, and on the north-west coast of the Pacific. 

 They are usually three-masters, and built with great strength, in order to 



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