MANNING OF SHIPS. 91 



stairs, Q mizen-mast, S the captain's cabin, T luggage room and coal room, 

 ' catheads, ^ forge, * port-holes, S (on the stern) boat-davits, ' rudder, ' the 

 screw, * the axis. In fig. 3, the view from above, A is the bowsprit, B the 

 head, C the capstan, D covering of the cabin stairs for the crew, E forge, 

 F the fore-mast, G stairs for the forward-deck passengers, H sky-light to 

 the forward-cabin, I prison, J galley, K funnel, L the main-mast, M roof 

 of the engine-room, N stairs to the same, O covering over the fly-wheel, 

 P sky-light for the engineers' cabin, Q sky-light for the officers' cabin, 

 R the mizen-mast, S stairs to the officers' cabin, T sky-light to the captain's 

 cabin, U poop, 'catheads, ^ port-holes, ^ chain pump, * coal-room, "* feeding 

 pump, ® rudder, ' boat-davits. 



The dimensions of this galliot are as follows : Length of deck, 155^ feet ; 

 breadth of beam, 28 feet; depth of draught, 11 feet 10 inches. The engine 

 is of 120 horse-power ; diameter of the screw, 7 feet 6f inches , length, 

 3 feet 6|- inches. The masts carry gafF-sails for the most part. PL 17, 

 fig. 2, is a French iron steam battery, with an Archimedean screw ; it 

 carries thirty-two eighteen-pounders, and is of a round build at stem and 

 stern ; it has two masts, the forward one with a main-sail, top-sail, top- 

 gallant-sail, and also a stay-sail, while the after-mast has only a half mizen- 

 sail and a try-sail. 



Manning of Ships. 



We include in the manning of a ship all persons who take any part in its 

 management. A degree of subordination is carried into effect in a fleet 

 which is not known in the land service; but this subordination is necessary, 

 inasmuch as not only the safety of the ship, but the lives of the whole crew 

 and passengers often depend on the act of a single sailor, or on his negli- 

 gence or disobedience of orders. 



A. The War Marine. 



The manning of ships of war is usually arranged according to a fixed 

 system. We will first consider this, referring chiefly to the organization of 

 the French and English navies. 



In France, the sailors are taken from among the conscripts, and are 

 obliged to pass through a certain course. They first become sailors of the 

 third class, and in six or eight months can be promoted to the higher classes 

 on the nomination of an officer. A sailor of the first class (pi. 20, fig. 17, 

 a sailor in parade-dress ; fig. 18, one in working-dress) can become a 

 quatre-moAtre, with the rank of a corporal, or second maitre (fig. 16), with 

 the rank of a sergeant, or finally premier maitre, or boatswain (fig. 15). 

 The mechanics, caulkers, smiths, carpenters, &c., can only obtain the 

 rank of sergeant-major. Every one who is not accustomed to the naval 

 service is struck with the difference which prevails between the two ends 

 of the upper-deck. Forward of the fore-mast, on the forecastle, is the 

 general rendezvous of the sailors ; while abaft the same, especially near 



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