92 NAVAL SCIENCES. 



the poop, access is permitted only to the officers {pi. 21 j fig. 3), except 

 on duty. 



The career of a naval officer is open to every one. Pupils are 

 received into the service, when those who distinguish themselves are sent 

 to a naval school, which in France is on board a ship appropriated to that 

 purpose, in the harbor of Brest. Upon entering on actual service, after 

 passing an examination, the pupil becomes a cadet of the second class and 

 receives a uniform. Once on board, the service commences. Ten or 

 twelve cadets have a state room {pi. 21, fig. 6) assigned to theiri, which 

 becomes the scene of their studies, their recreations, and their rest. The 

 cadets on board are divided among the officers of the different watches. 

 The officer of the watch is distinguished by his complete uniform and arms 

 {pi. 21, fig. 1), which he must wear during his v/atch. His position is on 

 the quarter-deck of a frigate and on the poop of a ship of the line. He has 

 an eye upon everything which is to be done in the ship, during his time on 

 deck. If a boat is to be got out, he gives the order by calling its name, 

 " Long boat !" " First cutter !" &c. The boatswain's mate, who is con- 

 stantly stationed at the foot of the main-mast, gives a shrill whistle, the 

 sailors spring to, and in less than five minutes the orders are executed 

 {pi. 23, fig. 5). The boatswain's mate reports to the officer of the watch, 

 who calls the cadet on duty, gives him the necessary instructions, receives 

 his report on his return, and issues further orders. 



After a cadet has served two years in every branch of practical seaman- 

 ship, he becomes a cadet of the first class {pi. 20, fig 14), with the rank of 

 a second lieutenant in the land service. The promotion of the cadet to the 

 next rank is a more important one, as it classes him among the officers 

 of the ship, with the rank of a first lieutenant in the army, and a separate 

 room {pi. 20, fig. 5). The officers, second lieutenants, and first lieutenants 

 {fig. 4, a French lieutenant ; fig. 13, an English lieutenant), the last with 

 the rank of a captain in the army, have a separate table. A lieutenant can 

 command a transport ship and a steamboat. Corvettes and brigs are under 

 the command of a corvette captain, and frigates and ships of the line under 

 the command of a captain {fig. 3, a French captain ; fig. 12, an English 

 captain), with the rank of a colonel in the army. A division of several sail 

 is commanded by a rear-admiral, ranking as a brigadier-general, while the 

 vice-admiral {fig- 2, a French vice-admiral ; fig. 11, an English commodore), 

 ranking as a lieutenant-general, commands a squadron or a small fleet, 

 which may run up even to the number of fifteen ships of the line. The 

 highest advancement in the navy is the rank of admiral {fig. 1), who in 

 France has the rank of a field-marshal. 



In England, below the admiral is the vice-admiral, who commands the 

 second division of the fleet, and the rear-admiral, commanding the third divi- 

 sion. The vice-admiral carries his flag on the fore-mast, and the admiral at 

 the main-mast. In England, moreover, the admirals are distinguished by their 

 red, blue, or white flags, according to their station in the English navy. PL 20, 

 fig. 6, is a Russian vice-admiral of the regular naL\y,figs. 7, 8, Russian officers 

 of the Finnish navy, and figs. 9 and 10, Russian officers of the marine guards. 

 144 



