2 ARCHITECTURE. 
supported by elephants cut out of very hard stone. The exterior is orna- 
mented with sculptures (jig. 2). The elephant near the pagoda-like building 
in the centre of the drawing, is called /ravat, and is dedicated to the Indian 
god of the heavens. 
The pillars of the second order have a very high base (pedestal), and a 
square cap. Specimens of this order are met with in the upper tier of the 
grotto temple of Indra (jig. 2); of Vishnu Karmah (jig. 4); and Rabana 
(pl. 3, Jig. 15). 
The pillars of the third order have a base composed of regular mouldings 
and a round cap formed of a double torus, divided by a fillet. Above the 
cap is an echinus, similar to the Doric cap; and above that, a small slab 
which supports the cornice. In some instances the base has no mouldings 
(pl. 1, figs. 6,7). The columns in front of the Indra temple (pi. 2, jig. 2), 
the grotto temple on the island of Elephanta (pl. 1, jig.7; pl. 2, fig. 3), 
the interior of the temple of Indra (jig. 5), and the grotto temple at 
Parashua Rama (pl. 3, fig. 14), present the best specimens of these pillars. 
According to the different forms of pillars, Hindoo Architecture, in general, 
is divided into several periods, characterized in the following manner: Ist, 
The plain style. 2d, The decorative style. 3d, The elegant style. 4th, 
The meretricious style: The buildings of Tintali He Dasavatara, near Ellora, 
and the pyramidal temple (Pagoda) Visvisor, near Benares (pl. 1, fig. 4), a 
buddhistic building, belong to the first period. For the mythological history 
of these buildings the reader is referred to the division Mythology of this 
work, 
The grotto temple of Siva and the temple of Vishnu Karmah (the 
heavenly architect), both at Ellora, are specimens of the style of the second 
erlod. 
: The Indra temple at Ellora, and the grotto temple on the island Elephanta, 
belong to the third period. 
Temples, the outer walls of which are decorated in an architectonical style, 
belong to the same period, as for instance the grotto temple of Kailasa, 
near Ellora. This temple (pl. 2, fig. 1) dedicated to the god Indra, is con- 
sidered the finest architectural monument in Ellora. It is wrought out of 
a single piece of rock without any joints, and consists of three different 
portions: 1st, The entrance-hall with two wings. 2d, The chapel of Nundi. 
3d, The main temple. 
The entrance-hall, which begins at the termination of the exterior court- 
yard, is wrought in the form of a screen with two wings. It is located on the 
west side, at the lowest part of the hill, which varies from 47 feet to 104 feet 
in height. The excavation is 247 feet long, by 150 feet wide. The space 
outside the entrance is 88 feet long, by 138 feet wide. This hall is 
adorned with pilasters. The interior contains five different rooms, three of 
which are situated one behind the other, and form a passage to which two 
large rooms are attached, one on each side; all three rooms are decorated 
with sculptures. Staircases lead to the upper floor, which has windows on 
both sides. This floor, by means of a bridge cut in the rocks, communicates 
with the temple of Nundi (the bull of Siva), which forms a square of 16 feet on 
2 

