ARCHITECTURE. 29 
twelve inches in height, substeps are introduced in order to afford easier 
access ( pl. 15, fig. 1). 
The trimmings and decorations of doors and windows in the walls corres- 
pond with the entablature of the different orders. Thus we have 1, Doric 
doors, whose jambs and lintels are cymatewm doricum, and astragalus mould- 
ings, whilst the cornice has in addition an echinus moulding with considerable 
projections. 2. Ionic doors, having jambs and lintels similar to the Ionic 
architrave, divided in stripes (corde), and trimmed with an astragalus 
moulding (pl. 20, jig. 14). The lintel is surmounted by a cornice (hyper- 
thyrum) resting upon two consols, ancones or parotydes. 3. The Attic door, 
similar to the Doric, with the addition of the Ionic stripes. The windows 
are surrounded and decorated with similar trimmings, generally somewhat 
simpler. 
The entablature connects the supporting parts of the building with those 
which cover the same, and consists of three parts: 1. The main beam or 
architrave (epistyliwm). The Doric architrave is smooth (jig. 8), surmounted 
by a fillet whose face is divided by triglyphs, which pierce a socle (regula), 
ending in drops (guttw). The Ionic architrave (pl. 7, fig. 24) generally is 
composed of three stripes (fascze), surmounted by a cornice of mouldings. 
Sometimes its lower surface between the columns is decorated with deep 
pannels and other ornaments (p/. 19, jigs. 27, 28). 2. The frieze (zoé), 
which connects the different beams resting upon the architrave. The Doric 
frieze (pl. 20, fig. 8) is composed of triglyphs, which represent the ends of the 
beams, being laid on every column, and over the columnar distances. The 
triglyphs exhibit three ridges, separated by two deep grooves, and bordered 
by two smaller ones, the whole surmounted by a small capital. The spaces 
between the triglyphs are termed panels (metopes), which are generally 
smooth, but sometimes ornamented with bas-reliefs. The Ionic and Co- 
rinthian friezes (pl. 7, jig. 24) are quite plain, and finished with wave mould- 
ings. Ifthey are decorated with metal or stone ornaments they are termed 
zophorus. 3. The cornice (corona) is composed of the projecting mouldings 
which form part of the roof. The Doric cornice (pl. 20, jig. 8) is formed 
by a Doric cyma, the corona projecting considerably, and containing the 
ends of the roofing boards (mutulz) with the heads of the nails, and is 
finished with a second cyma, and an erect bell moulding. The Ionic cornice 
(pl. 7, fig. 21) shows a fillet with dentals, sometimes also quite plain (fig. 24); 
above the dentals is a wave moulding, followed by the corona, which termi- 
nates in a slab and erect bell moulding. The Corinthian cornice (pi. 22, 
jig. 7) is similar to the Ionic, differing only in having small consols (mtu?) 
as bearers of the corona, which are composed of volutes and acanthus leaves. 
In all the different cornices great simplicity of decoration, and comparatively 
great height and projection, denote a great age of the monuments, whilst 
buildings of a later period show less projection, narrower surfaces, and 
frequently very elaborate decorations. 
The plain ceiling, formed by a stone resting on the walls, occurs only in 
buildings of the very simplest description. The ceilings of temples and 
palaces were divided into deep panels (Jacunara), adopted from the archi- 
29 
