30 ARCHITECTURE. 
tecture in wood, where they were often inlaid with gold and ivory. The 
wooden ceiling consisted of the beams resting upon the architrave, of the 
narrower and jointed cross beams, and of the caps covering the spaces 
between the cross beams. The same construction is imitated in stone, but 
in the latter material the different parts are usually wrought in one block. 
The roofs of private dwellings were either flat, or pitched from the 
centre towards all sides, like a tent. Public buildings, particularly temples, 
had gables on the narrower sides of the building (pl. 7, figs. 21, front, 22, 
side view, 23, upper view in part). In Grecian buildings the height of the 
gable was about one eighth of the width of the building, in Roman buildings 
rather more. The gable or frontispiece (fasteguwm) is composed of the 
gable field, tympanum ( fig. 21 4), which is frequently ornamented with statues 
and bas-reliefs, and of the cornice with the corona B, and the cymac. The 
cornice of the gable is the continuation of the main cornice of the building, 
but isrun up over the top of the gable, instead of being continued on a 
level with the long cornice, which would place it at the base of the gable field, 
in a straight line. The corners and the top of the gable are decorated with 
masks (pl. 19, fig. 38) or flowers, or with pedestals for statues, both at the. 
top (pl. 7, fig. 21, ©), and at the sides (jig.7, D,p). The slope of the roof is 
covered with flat marble slabs (jigs. 22, 23, m), whose long edges form project- 
ingridges. These are placed close together, and the joints covered with semi- 
cylinders of marble, clay, or bronze, whose lower extremities terminate in 
handsome front tiles, antefize (pl. 19, figs. 34-37). Similar ones are some- 
times placed on the gable cornice. The water is conducted from the roof by 
small gutters piercing the cornice in different places, the outer openings 
being in some of the ornaments as inF (pl. T, figs. 22, 23), whilst the others, 
@, remain solid. 
Having thus examined the various component parts of buildings, we now 
proceed to notice the different classes of edifices. They are first divided 
into those erected for the effect of their exterior, and those built with a view 
to certain advantages to be derived from their interior. Of the former we 
may again distinguish two kinds, those that are monuments in themselves 
deriving aid from pictures or inscriptions, and those that serve as substruc- 
tures for other more emblematic works of art. 
The simplest monuments of the former kind belong to the period in 
which architecture and sculpture were still identical, and which is repre- 
sented by the herma (pl 19, jigs. 32, 33, the latter a terminal statue of 
Janus). Next in order are the tombs, frequently of chaste architectural 
forms, bearing inscriptions and bas-reliefs, and the horizontal tombstones. 
The second kind includes such single columns as were employed even in 
the most ancient Grecian temples, in order to give a prominence to the 
images, and the honorary columns which supported either the statues of 
distinguished men, or caldrons, tripods, &e. 
Among the structures erected for the sake of the area they circumscribe 
belong inclosures of every description, walls of cities, castles, sacred grounds, 
and places of public meetings. The addition of a roof over the inclosure 
makes it a house. 
30 
