50 ARCHITECTURE. 
nificent edifice, 262 a.p., and carried a number of the columns to Constan- — 
tinople. : | - 
Besides the temple of Diana, Ephesus contains the ruins of a temple of 
the Corinthian order, the foundation walls of an extensive theatre, and three 
lower and six upper arches of an aqueduct erected by Tiberius. About four 
miles northwest of Ephesus was Teos, the native place of Anacreon, with a 
temple of Bacchus (pl. 12, jig. 5, plan; fig. 6, elevation). It is of the Ionic 
order; the columns 8 feet, 3; inches in diameter, by 25 feet in height, and 
all the proportions and details of a superior character and style. The tem-— 
ple was built 400 B.c., by Hermogenes. 
Grecian architecture was at an early period introduced by emigrants 
into the colonies in the southern districts of Italy and the island of 
Sicily. Though the exact time of its introduction has not been determined, 
it is quite certain that elegant Grecian structures were in existence at 
Sybaris as early as 740 8.c., and that in the fifth century s.c., Grecian 
architecture was generally adopted in the erection of temples, theatres, and 
halls. Of all the ruins of purely Greek structures those of Peestum, a city 
founded about 520 B.c. by the Sybarites, who had been driven from their 
country by the Crotoniats, are in the best state of preservation. The most 
remarkable among them is the temple of Neptune, known as the large tem- 
ple at Peestum (pl. 12, fig. 9, view of the ruins; pl. 10, fig. 20, pl. 15, fig. 1, 
restored elevation ; jig. 2, and pl. 10, jig. 21, ground plan; pl. 20, fig. 8, the 
columnar order; pl.19, jig. 1, a capital). The temple forms a parallelogram 
of 155 feet length, by a width of 75, with a portico of 36 Doric columns all 
round, which is approached by three steps. In the interior there are two 
rows of columns surmounted by architraves only, which must formerly have 
supported a second tier of columns, and it is therefore supposed that the 
temple was hypeethral. It had 6 columns in front and 14 at the sides, 
those near the corners being a little thicker and placed closer than the 
others, but all without any swelling. The architraves in the interior are 
connected with the wall of the cella by stone beams which must have sup- 
ported the floor of the galleries, which were approached by stairs in the 
pronaos. The walls of the cella have only the height of the architraves on 
the lower columns, and it appears that they must have been surmounted by 
some contrivance for admitting light into the cella, similar to that of the 
hall at Carnak (p. 13). Some writers are of opinion that this upper side- 
light is exactly what the Greeks termed hypeethros, and that they therefore 
derived the latter from Egypt. 
The temple of Ceres, known as the smaller temple at Peestum (p/. 11, 
Jig. 18, pl. 15, fig. 14), has 6 columns in front and rear, and 13 on each side. 
The columns of the peristyle are still standing, whilst in the pronaos only 
the bases and part of the shafts are left. The second row of columns is ele- 
vated one step above the first, and is one step lower than the two rows in 
the rear. These columns are the only Doric ones with 24 flutes instead of 
20. The capital (pl. 19, fig. 3) differs from the ordinary Doric in the con- 
struction of the neck. The columns of the pronaos are the only Grecian 
Doric columns with a base. 
50 
