ARCHITECTURE. 53 
' 2. The Greeks borrowed from the Egyptians the form of these temples 
and the method of surrounding them with columns, but added to the Egyp- 
tian entablature the frieze and the peculiar cornice, as well as the roof and 
gable. 
3. The Doric order was ever faithfully adhered to by the Sicilian and 
Italian Greeks. The Ionic order was first introduced in the seventh century 
B.C., in the temple of No cascuae it was introduced into Greece in the begin- 
ning of the 5th century B.c.: after 410 B.c., no new Doric buildings were 
erected in Ionia, and none 5 Attica and eps eet after the middle of 
the 4th century B. c. 
4, The Corinthian order occurs in no ancient building in Greece in the 
manner observed in Palmyra, Baalbec, and Rome. The comparatively few 
capitals of the Corinthian form met with in single buildings constitute no 
distinct order; the Corinthian capital was therefore, in all probability, not: 
invented by the Greeks. 
- 5. The Grecian style of architecture adhered, even in the most magnifi- 
cently decorated buildings, invariably to a noble Stee The ornaments 
were masterpieces of painting or sculpture, which shared their claim to the 
attention of the beholder with no gaudy embellishments. 
6. The exterior of the Grecian temple had no decorative ornaments; 
everything is based upon constructive architectural necessity ; the mouldings 
of the cornice had a bold and beautiful profile. 
7. The Grecian architects knew how to increase the effect of their build- 
ings by erecting them in groups in the same place, or on or near a hill, 
producing, as it were, architectural pictures. 
_ 8. A careful survey and examination of the remains of Grecian monu- 
ments shows that the Grecian architects, in their designs for entire buildings 
as well as for details, never strictly followed monotonous rules, but preferred 
a well regulated variation, and understood how to make a tasteful choice be- 
tween the largest and smallest proportions. 
5. PHa@nicIAN on SyRIAN ARCHITECTURE. 
The ruins of buildings at Palmyra and Baalbec are the only specimens of 
Syrian architecture which offer any chance for the study of the art of that 
country, all the remarkable and magnificent buildings which, according to 
the narratives in the Bible and the poems of Homer, existed in the cities of 
Tyre and Sidon, having entirely vanished from the surface of the earth, and 
no excavations ee as yet been made. 
Turning our attention first to the ruins of Palmyra, we find as the most 
prominent those of the Temple of the Sun (pl. 12, fig. 12, view, includmg 
part of the peribolus; pl. 13, fig. 6, plan). It was poriomded by a spacious 
court whose outer wall was lined with colonnades and had window-like open- 
ings. In the middle it had a double portico with gables and a highly 
decorative cornice (pl. 19, fig. 29, fragment). The temple itself had 8 Co- 
53 
