ARCHITECTURE. 59 
be smoothed for the erection of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, the foun- 
dation of which was made by him. His successor, Servius Tullius, added 
the Quirinal and Viminal hills to the city, and enlarged the district of the 
Esquiline. The walls and entrenchments which he completed remained 
unaltered until the latest times, as the city, after his day, was enlarged only 
by suburbs. He also erected on the Aventine hill a temple of Diana, de- 
signed as a sanctuary common to the allied cities of Latium, as was the 
temple of Diana at Ephesus to the allied cities of Asia. No trace of it is 
left, and it must have been vastly inferior to the magnificent edifice of Cte- 
siphon. Two other temples are attributed to him, viz. that of Bona Fortuna 
in the Forum Boarium, and that of Fortuna Virilis on the bank of the 
Tiber. A restoration of the latter, probably made under one of the later 
emperors, still exists (pl. 16, fig. 7, front; jig. 8, plan; pl. 19, fig. 7, a capi- 
tal). It is a pseudoperipteros with four Ionic columns in front, a portico 
of two columns, and five half columns at the sides. The columns are 25 
feet, 5 inches high, by a diameter of 2 feet, 11 inches, and are made of 
travertine marble, whilst the walls are of tufa. They have 20 flutes, but 
their capitals, with concave faces between the volutes, look less graceful 
than the chaste Grecian capitals of the same order. The temple with the 
 entablature has had a plastering of marble dust, of which traces are percep- 
tible. The temple of Jupiter Capitolinus was not continued under Servius 
Tullius. It was again taken up by Tarquinius Superbus, who, however, 
was banished before its completion, which was finally accomplished in 
the third year of the republic, when it was consecrated by the consul Pul- 
villus. It was destroyed by fire 415 years later, during the consulate of 
L. Scipio and C. Norbanus. It stood on a high substructure, and had 800 
feet in circumference, the difference between its length and breadth being 
only 15 feet. ‘The southern or principal front had three rows, the other sides 
two rows of distantly placed columns. The entablature was of wood. It 
was of the Tuscan order, with proportions in altitude like the Doric. Its 
three naves were consecrated respectively to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. 
Tarquinius Superbus built also, with the assistance of the 47 cities of Latium, 
a temple on the Alban mountain, in which sacrifices were offered down 
to the latest time of heathenism. Only a few blocks of tufa are left to 
mark its site. 
B. The Period of the Republic. 
The banishment of the kings took place in the 244th year of the city, or 
509 s.c. The first years of the republic were marked by considerable 
architectural improvements. On the road from the Forum to the Capi- 
tol a temple of Saturn was erected, which for several centuries was used as 
the state treasury. Soon after, the dictator Posthumius erected two tem- 
ples dedicated to Ceres and to Castor and Pollux, 482 8.c. The latter was 
located near the Forum and the temple of Vesta, and was rebuilt by the 
emperor Augustus. The former stood above the circus, on the slope of the 
‘Aventine hill, and was dedicated, besides, to Ceres, Bacchus and Proser- 
59 
