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60 ARCHITECTURE. 
pine. Both temples were built by Damophilus and Gorgasus, the first Gre- 
cian architects in Rome. 
It will be appropriate to insert here a few remarks on the —— style 
of architecture, which about this period was introduced into Rome by 
Etruscan architects, and adopted in all the principal buildings. The 
columnar proportions were similar to the Doric, 5 or 6 diameters in height, 
the difference being in the columnar distances, which with the Tuscans were 
much wider, on account of their constructing the entablature of wood, mostly 
without any frieze, the rafters being cut off slantingly and covered with a 
board. To their columns they gave a round plinth and a very simple capi- 
tal. The ornaments were of burnt clay. At.a later date the Romans 
adopted the nobler Doric style, and the Tuscan was only retained in central 
Italy. The style of the Doric monuments in Rome was long that which we 
have mentioned in our description of the monuments of Pestum, whilst in 
Greece it had already been materially improved. 
In the year 434 3. c., the Villa Publica was built at Rome for the adminis- 
trative assemblies, aa in the year 480 B.c., the temple of Apollo was con- 
secrated. Next pillows the very eee work of connecting the Alban 
lake, which occupies an extinct crater, with the city, by an aqueduct 
7500 feet long, 7 to 8 feet high, and 5 feet wide, which is still in use. After 
the conquest of Veii, 395 B.c., the tutelar goddess Juno of this city was 
transported to Beme; and a taal built on the Aventine hill to receive the 
statue. 
Up to this time the city and state of Rome had always been fortunate in 
war; but in the year 378 B.c., it was conquered by the Gauls and laid in 
ashes, with the exception of a few temples. As early as one year later, it 
was already rebuilt, but without any regular plan, and partly of sun-dried 
bricks, on solid substructures. In the year 365 B.c., when the people had 
obtained the right of electing a consul from among themselves, and all in- 
ternal feuds had been discontinued, the temple of Concordia was built on the 
slope of the Capitoline hill, of whose later restoration eight granite columns, 
surmounted by the entablature, still exist. The walls of the city were also 
renewed in solid bound masonry, and in the year 328 B.c., the lists of the 
Circus Maximus were built. 
With few exceptions, none of the buildings previous to this time had any 
of the grand features of Grecian architecture. During the next centuries 
the principal works consisted of highways, bridges, and waterworks, and it 
was not until the 7th century of the city, about 50 B.c., that greater efforts 
were made in magnificent architecture. The buildings of the republic, down 
to that period, belong to five different classes, and we mention them accord- 
ingly. 
1. Temrres. The piety which characterized the Romans of the earlier 
ages was still unabated in the present. Religious feeling was evinced on all 
occasions. Every victory or success in peaceable pursuits was attributed to 
the mercy of the gods; every defeat or failure to their wrath. Numerous 
vows were made and kept of erecting temples, partly from motives of grati- 
tude, in part of atonement. When at a later date the philosophy of the 
60 
