ARCHITECTURE. 61 
Greeks had become naturalized in Rome, the simple works of piety were 
superseded by the products of the love of splendor and of vanity in the times 
of Marius and Sylla, of Pompey and Julius Cesar. In the year 301 3.c., 
Babulsus dedicated a temple to the goddess Salus, which was renowned for 
the pictures on its walls by Fabius Pictor, which were preserved to the time 
of the emperor Claudius. The temple of Bellona, erected 295 3B. c., by 
Appius Claudius, was also renowned for beautiful paintings and sculptures. 
During the next three years were erected the temples of Jupiter Victor, 
Victoria, and Venus; the latter built by Fabius Gurges with the money 
collected from several matrons as fine for committing adultery. 
In the year 290 z.c. the temple of Asculapius was erected on the island 
of the Tiber. With a view to avert the calamity of the plague a ship had 
been sent to Epidaurus, which brought home the genius of this god in 
the shape of a serpent. In commemoration of this expedition the entire 
island was girdled with bound masonry in the shape of a ship; of 
this wall there are still ruins to be seen. The island was connected 
with the city by two bridges, the Pons Fabrica and Pons Cestu. Pl. 
17, jig. 8, gives a sectional view of the island, with the temple and its 
portico as last rebuilt, the obelisk erected by Augustus (the top at jig. 8 a), 
and the two bridges. The temple of Asculapius was of the Doric order, 
with 6 columns in front. The bridge of Fabricius (jig. 9, view; fig. 11, 
section), erected 62 B.c., by that consul, and rebuilt, 1680 a.p., by Pope 
Innocent XI., is 233 feet long, 20 feet wide, and consists of one large and 
two small arches of bound masonry. The bridge of Cestius (jig. 10, view; 
jig. 12, section), erected in the year 35 B.c., is 165 feet, by 30, and had two 
arches of 72 feet span, with three small arched openings in the piers. ig. 
13 exhibits a coin from the time of Antoninus Pius, representing part of the 
bridge of Cestius and of the buildings on the island. The foreground is 
occupied by the god of the river Tiber, and the symbol of Atsculapius, the 
serpent which was worshipped in his temple. 
About this time Duilius and Attilius erected in the Forum Olitorium, 
near the theatre of Marcellus, three small temples, dedicated respectively to 
Pietas, Spes, and Janus. The first (pl. 15, fig. 16, plan) was a Doric perip- 
teros; the second (fig. 18, plan) was of the Ionic order, with smooth columns 
on three sides and pilasters in the rear; and the temple of Janus (jig. 17, 
plan), which some archeologists attribute to Juno Matuta or Sospia, was an 
Tonic peripteros with two rows of columns both in front and rear. These 
three temples placed close together on an elevation of three steps show that 
the ancients sometimes grossly violated the laws of symmetry, the Doric 
temple being much smaller than the two Ionic, of which, again, the one 
on the right hand was smaller than that on the left. The details exhibit the 
same diversity both in appearance and proportions. The columns of the 
Doric temple were 2 feet, 4 inches thick, by a height of 7.65 diameters; the 
smooth columns of the smaller Ionic temple were 2 feet, 10 inches, 5 lines, 
and 9 diameters high; and the fluted columns of the larger Ionic temple 
were 3 feet thick, by a height of 9.21 diameters. 
To this period belong also the temples of Tempestas, consecrated by 
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