66 ARCHITECTURE. 
The games of the circus were practised in Rome from the earliest times, 
and the great circus, in the time of Tarquin, was already an important build- 
ing. The second structure of this kind was the Circus Flaminius, and then 
the circus of Flora, between the Quirinal and Pincian hills. The building 
received its essential alteration, however, in the great circus of Julius Cesar. 
It was extended in length so that it was 33 stadia long, and 400 feet broad. 
It was surrounded by a canal of water 10 feet deep. The lower story had 
stone; the upper, wooden seats. Three sides were appropriated to the spec- 
tators, of which it accommodated 150,000. The fourth contained the inclo- 
sures for the horses. In the historical division of this work we have treated 
of the circus games, and there also (Division IV., p/. 14) the reader will find 
illustrations of the various objects appertaining to it, with sketches of the 
elevation, ground plan, and section of the circus of Nero. % 
4. SEPpuLcHRAL AND Honorary Monuments. Monuments of honor were 
either porticoes, single pillars, or triumphal arches. The porticoes were not 
alone united with public buildings, but were often independent structures, 
and very agreeable resorts under the beautiful and burning sky of Italy. 
They were richly adorned, and statues, bas-reliefs, and paintings were placed 
inthem. Garden retreats, groves, and fountains were often in the neighbor- 
hood. Even at this period there were many such buildings, but there were 
more under the emperors. 
In the year 191 8.c., Amilius Lepidus and Atmilius Paulus built two 
colonnades, one outside the gate Trigemina, on the Tiber, the other beyond 
the gate Fontinalis, towards the field of Mars (Campus Martius), as far as 
the altar of Mars. COneius Octavius erected a famous double colonnade in 
honor of his triumph and the capture of Perseus in Samothrace. This colon- 
nade, between the Flaminian circus and the theatre of Pompey, was magni- 
ficently restored by Augustus. The colonnade which Metellus Macedonicus 
built around the temple of Jupiter and Juno, is represented in elevation 
in pl. 13, fig. 14, and the ground plan after the restoration of Augustus, 
in fig. 15. Minutius, as proconsul, also built, from the booty of his vic- 
tory over the Scordisci, a colonnade, which he named from himself, and 
which attracted attention even under the emperors. Q. Lutatius Catulus 
built one upon the Palatine hill, on occasion of his victory over the Cimbri, 
close by the house of Cicero, after whose banishment it was destroyed 
together with the house. Pompey also built a noble colonnade by his 
theatre, with garden walks. 
Memorial columns are also of considerable antiquity. The first was the 
Columna rostrata, erected in honor of C. Duilius in the year 260 B.c., after 
his naval victory over the Carthaginians. (See Division VI, pl. 2, jig. 
25.) It was of white marble. The people erected a column of Numidian 
marble, 20 feet high, to Julius Cesar, with the inscription, ‘To the Father 
of his Country.” A colwmna rostrata, with anchors, was erected to Octavia- 
nus Ceesar, in honor of his naval victories over Sextus Pompeius, on the sum- 
mit of which stood the golden statue of the conqueror. 
Triumphal arches were also honorary memorials. Upon these the statues 
of the victors were placed. Lucius Stertinius, in the year 195 B.c., erected 
66 
