ARCHITECTURE. 69 
completed by Augustus, and as it was soon afterwards again destroyed by 
fire, it was once more rebuilt and adorned with a chalcidicum. After Au- 
gustus had erected a temple to Apollo upon the Palatine, inclosing a Greek 
and Latin library, and a wooden stadium upon the field of Mars in the 
Grecian style, he commenced the restoration of the old, falling temples; of 
these restorations, if we may credit the Ancyranian inscription, there were 
not less than eighty-two. 
In the same year that Augustus built the stately temple of Apollo upon 
the Palatine, he laid the foundation of a mausoleum for himself and his 
family. It was built in the shape of a hill, upon a foundation of white mar- 
ble, covered with evergreen trees, and upon the summit stood the statue of 
the emperor. In the interior of this artificial hill were compartments and 
chambers intended as burial-places for the household. The innermost of the 
four circular walls of which the skeleton of the building was formed, as in 
the gardens of Semiramis, is fallen, thereby discovering a round space large 
enough to form a ring for modern bull-fights. Before the building was a 
kind of propyleeum, in which hung brazen tablets inscribed with the memo- 
rabilia of the emperor. These tablets have disappeared, but a copy of them 
is preserved in Ancyra in Asia, which we have just mentioned as the An- 
cyranian inscription. In the year 21 B.c. also took place the dedication of 
the Temple of Jupiter Tonans, of which we have already spoken, and 
which was raised upon the spot where the lightning struck a slave who was 
bearing a light before the emperor. 
The three remaining columns of this temple belong to the portico; but 
they are too much laden with ornament for the Augustan age, and the re- 
maining letters on the frieze, ES TIT U E R, belong to the word rest 
twerunt, and indicate a reconstruction of the temple under Septimius Seve- 
rus, who always joined his son’s name with his own, and hence the plural. 
restetuerunt. 
In the year 15 s.c. Augustus commenced one of his chief undertakings, 
the temple of Quirinus upon the Quirinal. It had 76 Doric columns, and 
as Augustus died afterwards in his 76th year it gave rise to a superstitious 
feeling in connexion with it. Yet a Doric dipteros having 8 columns in 
front and 15 in length, required this number of pillars, and was consequently 
symmetrical, as our ground plan shows (pl. 15, fig. 9). In the year 12 B.c. 
Augustus dedicated the theatre commenced by Julius Oxsar, but only then 
completed, and which he called, in honor of the dead son of his sister Octa- 
via, the theatre of Marcellus, of which there are still important remains. 
The theatre contained 30,000 seats, and was consequently somewhat smaller 
than that of Pompey, which held 40,000 spectators. In this theatre the use 
of the dental ornament in the Doric entablature is remarkable, and does not 
occur before. The diameter of the orchestra is 180 feet, 4 inches, and the 
height of the wall 98 feet, 10 inches. Here are also the Doric half columns 
which gave the suggestion for the Doric order of Vignola and Daviler 
(pl. 23, fig. 2). Of the remains of the porch of Octavia, founded by 
Augustus (for the protection, possibly, of the spectators in the neighboring 
theatre of Marcellus from the rain), we have already spoken (p. 62). 
69 
