
70 ARCHITECTURE. 
Augustus erected also two obelisks, which he had ordered to be brought 
from Heliopolis in Egypt in the year 9 3B. c.; the one consecrated to 
the sun and Osiris, in the Circus Maximus, in the midst of the spina, and 
the other, executed under Sesostris, upon the Campus Martius. The mathe- 
matician Manilius put them up, and as the obelisk of Sesostris was to serve 
as a dial-plate, a stone pavement was laid around it, upon which the shadow 
was indicated. Both obelisks still stand. Pope Sixtus V. took the one from 
the circus and erected it upon the Piazza del Popolo. Pope Pius VI. di- 
rected the architect Antinori to erect that from the Campus Martius upor 
Monte Citorio. The hieroglyphics upon the first have been deciphered by 
the famous archeologist Professor Seyfarth of Leipsie. 
To the greater and more splendid works of Augustus belongs the forum 
named from him, with the temple of Mars the Avenger which he built upon 
it, but which must not be confounded with a kind of chapel to Mars the 
bash which Augustus built upon the Capitoline hill, and in which the 
Parthian trophies were deposited. We give a ground plan of this hypeethral 
temple (pl. 13, jig. 7), of which 3 beautiful columns yet remain on the 
right wing. Their diameter is 5 feet, 6 inches, but the leaves in the capital 
have too little projection. A pilaster with convex capitals, some remains 
of masonry of the roof, and the cornice, of which, however, the moulding is 
gone, have come down to us. 
Among the restorations of iinibrasii we must mention the temple of the 
Capitoline Divinities, the theatre of Pompey, the Lupercal (shrine of Pan), 
the temples of the Lares, of Minerva, of Juno Regina, and the vestibule of 
the goddess Liberty upon the Aventine, as well as a great number of larger 
or smaller water-works, naumachia, &c., &e. 
Augustus not only adorned Rome with beautiful buildings himself, but 
he exhorted his friends to do the same. Among the most important of 
those which rose from his example and exhortation are the Septa Julia, built 
by Menenius Agrippa, in which the popular assemblies according to races 
were held; the porch of Neptune, in commemoration of naval triumphs; 
the Baths, and the Pantheon. 
The Pantheon, the most beautiful building in Rome, throwing out what 
was added subsequently to Augustus, is the finest and best preserved monu- 
ment of antiquity in the world. It was built under the republic, without 
the exquisite portico, which was added by Augustus and Agrippa. 7. 17, 
jig. 4, gives the view of the building deprived of its later and injurious ad- 
ditions; jig. 5, the lateral section; jig. 6, the inner perspective; jig. 7, 
the ground plan. PJ. 19, jig. 13, is the representation of a capital from 
the portico, and jig. 21, a base from the portico. Agrippa dedicated this 
temple to all the gods, especially, however, to Jupiter Ultor and Cybele. 
Afterwards the portico was injured by lightning, but was restored under 
Severus and Marcus Aurelius. Pope Boniface IV. consecrated the 
temple as a Christian church. Urban VIII. elevated some columns 
that had fallen, but, alas! took away the beautiful bronze ornaments, 
and melted them into cannon, and into the tasteless altar of St. Peter’s; 
and at last the two execrable towers were built upon the roof by 
70 
