72 ARCHITECTURE. 
airing of the walls, and for the diminishing of the pressure upon the foundation. 
The inside of the walls is covered entirely with marble. One half of the height 
consists of the dome and the other of the vertical wall, constructed partly of 
brick vaults, and Yorming arches over the architrave of the lower columns. | 
In the interior there are two dissimilar divisions; the under part consists 
of the columns above described and of the arches that interrupt their 
entablature. The upper part is a kind of upper story in which 14 openings, 
with handsome mouldings, are pierced, which let the side light fall upon the 
niches beneath. To interrupt the flatness of the surface there were formerly — 
pilasters of porphyry, serpentine, and yellow marble placed against it, which 
were removed by order of Pope Benedict XIV. and replaced by paintings. 
The cupola contains 4 rows of 28 deep panels, upon whose ground there 
were formerly bronze rosettes which Constantine IL. despatched with several 
statues to Constantinople. But the ship was wrecked. In order to carry 
off the rain that enters through the opening in the dome, the floor, which 
is a mosaic of marble and other stones, inclines towards the centre where 
there is an escape for the water, which flows into a branch of the Cloaca 
Maxima and thence to the Tiber. When the Tiber rises, however, the floor 
of the Pantheon is overflowed by the inundation. 
Formerly the entablature of the portico was of brass, and the whole build- 
ing was covered with gilded bronze plates in the form of tiles. Urban VIIL, 
however, replaced the bronze beams with wood and the tiles with a 
leaden roof, and melted the metal, as we have already stated. The baths of 
Agrippa were situated immediately behind the Pantheon, and pl. 17, 
jig. 7, shows a part of its ground plan. The ground plan of a Rotunda’on 
the’ Appian way and that of one on the Via Prenestina, are precisely like 
that of the Pantheon, although on a much smaller scale (pl. 13, jig. 11). 
Among the other important buildings of Agrippa were a great aqueduct, 
the colonnades of Europa, and the Diribitorium, which, however, he did 
not complete. The latter building was used as a place of popular 
assembly at elections, for the distribution of alms to the needy citizens and 
of pay to the soldiers and was the lar gest building ever included under 
one roof, for it had ae of 100 feet in length and 14 feet in thickness. 
When the building fell into decay, no one would undertake its recon- 
struction. 
Besides Agrippa, other friends of Augustus distinguished themselves by 
their buildings: Statilius Taurus, who built an amphitheatre, then the 
only one in Rome; Marcius Philippus, who restored the temple of Hercules 
and the Muses; Cornificius, who erected a temple to Diana; Asinius 
Pollio, who founded the first public library in Rome, in the hall of freedom 
built by him; Munatius Plancus, who restored the temple of Saturn, the 
treasury of Rome; and Balbus, who built a stone theatre upon the Campus 
Martius. Among these, too, must be named Tiberius, afterwards Emperor. 
He restored the temple of Castor and Pollux, and the temple of Concordia 
originally erected: by Furius Camillus. This temple (pl. 13, jig. 4, 
elevation; fig. 5, plan), stood with its back to the Roman Forum, and 
near the temple of Jupiter Tonans, of which three columns yet remain. 
72 
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