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76 ARCHITECTURE. 
size and usefulness than for their number. Among them the Port of Ostia, 
the draining of the Fucinian lake, and the completion of the aqueduct com- 
menced by Caligula, are to be mentioned. The building of the harbor of 
Ostia was, even at that time of enormous expenditures, one of the most 
enormous. <A huge basin was hollowed out of the solid earth and surrounded 
by a wall of freestone. This was connected by a canal with the sea and 
with the Tiber, and at last an outer harbor was built into the sea by means 
of two piers. In order to protect the harbor from the sand and the piers 
from the waves, an artificial island was built, a large vessel loaded with sand | 
and stone being sunk in the sea. Upon this island a lighthouse was 
erected. At this time, the temple of Jupiter Patulcius of Ostia, which had 
been struck by lightning in the year 200 B. c., was restored. PJ. 16, fig. 20, 
gives the ground plan of this temple, of which there are very few remains ; 
sufficient, however, to show that it was of the Corinthian order and very 
richly ornamented. The cornice is remarkable, and in the interior the 
cella had Corinthian pilasters with very ornate capitals. The aqueduct, 
mentioned before, was 184 miles long, 144 of which were subterranean. This 
was united in the neighborhood of Rome with a second, 248 miles long, 
partly subterraneous, partly resting upon arches and substructures, leading 
from the Anio, whose troubled waters were first clarified in a peculiar reser- 
voir. The united aqueduct extended then upon arches, some 109 feet 
in height, to the walls of Rome. 30,000 men labored for 11 years upon 
the draining of the Fucinian lake, and it was designed to use the area of the 
lake for cultivation. When the canal was ended, a great naval battle took 
place upon the lake. Then the Emperor and the people repaired to a great 
banquet held upon a scaffolding erected in the lake. The sluices were 
opened, and before the banquet was ended the lake was drained. After- 
wards the sluices became stopped up by neglect, and the lake exists at the 
present day as under Claudius, but it would cost scarcely half a million to 
restore the old work completely. In the reign of Claudius also, that the 
soldiers might not be idle, they dug a canal 92 miles long between the 
Meuse and the Rhine. 
5. Nero. Under this emperor the art of building was carried to a point 
hitherto unattained, yet posterity can show no traces of the works of this 
emperor. His first building was a wooden amphitheatre upon the Campus 
Martius, and in the year 62 a. p. the emperor erected the gymnasium 
called after him, and the adjacent baths, now more generally known as the 
Alexandrinian baths, as Alexander Severus restored them. Never, how- 
ever, was the zeal for building so intense as with Nero, who, in order to 
obtain the space adequate to his house, and at the same time to rebuild the 
city more magnificently, caused it tobeset onfire. Of the 14 districts of the , 
city three were entirely destroyed, and seven were more or less injured. 
The fire raged nine days, and immense pecuniary loss as well as the de- 
struction of treasures of art was the consequence. For the rebuilding the 
emperor removed the rubbish, and made ample indemnification, but intro- 
duced a very severe building law. The rubbish was devoted to filling 
up the swamps of Ostia; and Monte Testaccio, which yet remains, is a rubbish 
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