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92 ARCHITECTURE. 
remains indicate the magnificence of these baths. Eight huge granite 
columns have been discovered, which supported the great hall, and of 
which one now stands in Florence, upon the Piazza Trinita. Here also 
were found the two marble reservoirs that now adorn the fountains upon the 
Piazza Farnese in Rome. From here toocame the Farnese Hercules, the 
Flora, and the well known group of the Farnese Bull. 
Caracalla was much devoted to the Egyptian worship, for which reason 
Isis and Serapis, which had formerly only a shrine, were now elevated to the 
dignity of several temples; and to this time also belongs the restoration of the 
temple of Serapis in Pozzuoli, of which we have already spoken (page 74), 
and of which pl. 13, jig. 9, gives the ground plan. 
16. Hetiogapatus. We should no more have mentioned this emperor 
than we did Macrinus and his son, if he had not committed the folly of 
making the Syrian god Helagabal the Roman national god, and of erecting 
to him a temple and a chapel, and if he had not built a hall of council for 
women, in which they were to deliberate on matters of female dress and 
other frivolities. The hall was situated upon the Quirinal, and the remains of 
the walls are yet visible in the garden of the Palace Colonna. The emperor 
also restored the amphitheatre that had suffered from fire. 
17. Atexanper Srvervs. This emperor loved the arts and sciences, and 
was himself versed in mathematics and painting. He erected rooms for scien- 
tific lectures, and paid teachers especially for them. The forum of Nerva 
(pl. 18, figs. 16 and 17) he adorned with the statue of the deified emperor, 
and in his private chapel (Lararium) he had a separate room for the portraits 
of such men as were famous for their writings or life. Here were Virgil, 
Cicero, Apollonius of Tyana, Abraham, and Christ. The latter he reckoned 
among the gods, and intended to build him a temple. He restored the 
theatre of Marcellus, the great circus, and the amphitheatre; and he com- 
pleted the stoa in the baths of Caracalla. An important building of this 
emperor was the Basilica Alexandrina, in the neighhorhood of the Campus 
Martius. It was 100 feet broad and 1000 feet long, and rested entirely 
upon columns, and seems, therefore, to have been a stoa. This emperor 
erected at Ostia a round temple (pl. 12, fig. 15, general view ; jig. 16, section) 
to Portumnus, the tutelar god of harbors. This temple was a beautiful 
peripteros, surrounded by 24 Corinthian columns, and is the first in which 
the architrave and entablature are superseded by arches, and vaults and 
where, consequently, the colonnade has no straight ceiling. The masonry 
is brick, and has been faced with marble; the dome finely vaulted and 
garnished with very beautiful ornaments, but not cassetted. 
18. Tue Emperors rrom Maximus to Gatiienvs. The emperors that 
follow had, by the general short duration of their reigns, little inclination to 
busy themselves with the arts, which consequently fell more and more into 
decay. For this reason we shall include in one period the interval between the 
years 235 and 261 of our era, as the buildings then erected are neither im- 
portant nor of great architectural value. Properly, Gordianus was the only 
one who built at all. He erected his family palace and then his villa on the 
Pranestine Way, in which was a colonnade which had 200 columns, of which 
92 

