ARCHITECTURE. 93 
50 were of Carian, 50 of Claudian, 50 of Synnadian, and 50 of Numidian 
marble, and every one of these consisted of a single block. Also three 
basilicas, each with 100 columns, were in this villa, and the baths yielded in 
magnificence only to those of Rome. 
19. Gaxirenus. Under the feeble Gallienus full confusion broke over the 
Roman empire. The border inhabitants rose, whilst in the interior strife of 
long duration commenced between the commanders of the legions. At this 
time also the temple of Diana at Ephesus fell into decay, which, since its 
restoration in the time of Alexander the Great, had for 600 years excited the 
wonder of the world. It was plundered and burned by the Goths. In Rome 
there were very few and unimportant buildings completed under this emperor, 
whose chief ambition was to be agreat poet. In Verona, however, there are 
some monuments which we must refer to this time. The first isa city gate, 
with two arches surmounted by two stories, each consisting of six arched win- 
dows. The second story is adorned with columns which are fluted in a spiral 
form, of which style this is the first example. The third story has pilasters 
which stand upon projecting consoles, also a new style. According to the 
inscription upon the gate, it was erected at the same time with the city 
walls, 265 A. D., of which, however, there are few remains (/. 18, jigs. 1°, 
elevation ; jig. 19°, plan.) The other monuments are also gates, somewhat 
similar to that described, but adorned with columns, and in an inferior 
style. To this time also belongs the arch of Gabius in Verona, of which 
we have already spoken (page 81), and of which pl. 17, fig. 17°, and®, give 
the elevation and ground plan. 
* 20. Crauprius Goruicus. This empéror reigned too short a time to build 
anything, but he reigned so well that almost all the cities aimed at perpetuat- 
ing his memory by gates of honor. The senate of Rome placed his golden 
statue, ten feet high, before the temple of the Capitoline divinities, and a 
silver statue of the emperor weighing 1500 pounds upon the tribune of 
the Forum. 
21. Avrerian. This emperor acted energetically and reduced the border 
population to tranquillity; yet the feeling of the weakness of the metropolis 
was so great that it was the first care of the emperor to surround it with 
strong walls. We have treated of these walls among Military Sciences (Vol. 
II. p. 618). See Plates Division V., pl. 43, figs. 6—9, and pl. 42, jigs. 
19, 20. 
The chief building which this emperor erected in Rome was the temple 
of the deity of the Sun, whose temple in Palmyra he had restored, when 
his soldiers had injured and plundered the building, proving also in Rome 
the honor in which he held this god. He placed in this temple besides 
the statue of the Sun, that of Belus also, and probably the temple was 
arranged in the interior like that of Palmyra. PJ. 15, fig.8, shows the outer 
view, and pl. 16, jig. 15, the ground plan of the Temple of the Sun in 
Rome. According to P. Victor, this temple lay in the 7th district, which in- 
cluded a part of the Quirinal hill. The modern topographers of Rome may 
therefore be right in asserting that the remains of the rich marble entablature 
found in the gardens of the Colonna in Rome belong to this temple. 
93 
