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94 ARCHITECTURE. 
The temple was not accessible upon all sides, being built with its back 
against another building, as the remains of walls and substructures show, 
which Serlio and Palladio saw, but of which nothing more now remains. 
The plan of the temple cannot be given with certainty. Our drawings 
are made according to Palladio’s report, who saw the most of it and drew a 
restoration of it, and according to the idea of Canina. The temple itself 
stood in a great court, whose rear side was formed by the above men- 
tioned walls of other buildings. On both sides were walls with semi- 
circular niches with statues, and a similar wall inclosed the front side until 
the Baths of Constantine were erected there. The temple is a pseudo- 
dipteros with three rows of columns in front of the cella, of which the fore- 
most had 12, the two others only 6 columns standing behind the first, 
third, and fifth columns of the front on both sides of the door. This 
arrangement is unusual, and indicates a considerable decline of art. In the 
interior the temple was a hypethros, for Vitruvius states that all temples 
which are dedicated to the Sun must admit the sunlight from above. As 
the great height of the temple necessitated two tiers of columns one over 
the other, galleries were built on both sides which extended round upon the 
fore and rear walls. These galleries were ascended by means of staircases in 
the vestibule of the temple. It is probable that the acroteria at the top of 
the gable was adorned with the statue of Helios in his chariot drawn by the 
horses of the sun. 
22. Tacitus, Prozsus to DiocreTian. Tacitus was too old and reigned too 
short a time to undertake any great works, but he prosecuted the work of 
the Forum of Ostia, commenced by ‘Aurelian, and sent thither, at his own 
expense, one hundred columns of Numidian marble, 23 feet long. Upon 
the site of his own house in Rome he erected baths, and sold his property 
in Mauritania in order to improve, with the proceeds, the Capitoline temple. 
Probus undertook the construction of several highways and hydraulic 
works, upon which he employed the legions that they might not be idle 
in time of peace. This, however, was the occasion of his death; for the 
soldiers who did not wish to work, slew the emperor, and afterwards 
erected a monument in his honor. 
Of the emperors who succeeded Probus we have nothing to remark until 
the reign of Diocletian, who was a prince no less valiant than active, and 
completed important buildings in Rome, Milan, Carthage, and Nicomedia. 
Of Diocletian’s architectural activity the most striking proofs are the Baths 
in Rome, the Villa of Salona, and the column in Alexandria. The Baths 
of Diocletian were only commenced by that emperor and were com- 
pleted under Constantine and Galerius, but were nevertheless named from 
their founder. The ruins of this structure are very extensive, and give a 
better idea of the style of these magnificent buildings than the ruins of the 
Baths of Caracalla. The great circular hall, xystus, as the middle point of 
the edifice, has yet the eight great granite columns which supported the 
cross-vault, and of which we have shown the beautiful Composite capitals 
in pl. 19, fig. 15. This hall now forms one of the most beautiful of the 
Roman churches, viz. Madonna degli Angeli alle Ccrtosa (pl. 46, fig. 19, 
94 
