ARCHITECTURE. 101 
with the entablature and the upper part of the shaft of the column, its under 
part with the steps upon which the columns stand, which have no base; 
next a section through the entablature, and in a the under view of the 
corona, showing that there are modillions over the metopes, which the 
Roman Doric order did not have. /7%7g. 9 shows in B the foot and 
in A the capital of the pilaster, in c the construction of the neck of the 
column, in p that of the flutings, in © the columnar distance, and on the 
lower left the construction of the astragal on the under part of the echinus. 
3. Tar Ionic Orper. Upon the whole this is one of the most graceful 
of the orders notwithstanding many irregularities in the capitals, owing 
to its two different aspects, and which often make it a very difficult order to 
employ. The two different aspects of the capital arise from the peculiar 
position of the volutes, which are only seen in front and rear, whilst the 
sides exhibit the cushions connecting them. It was particularly disagree- 
able in the corner columns, the sides being freely exposed to view. The 
Greeks tried to obviate the difficulty by placing the volutes diagonally, 
thus making them appear in the front views of two different sides. This, 
however, is only a poor expedient, as it causes an irregularity, and it is 
therefore preferable to substitute corner pillars for columns, and to give them 
caps of four equal sides. fl. 21, jig. 5, shows the simple Ionic style, 
exhibiting the rule that the whole order with the entablature should have 
224 modules, of which the column with its base and the capital have 18. 
fig. 4 shows the complete construction for the capital, and below on the 
left the arrangement of the eye, in order to construct the spiral of the volute 
of regular arcs only. To accomplish this, the position and size of the eye 
of the volute must first be ascertained in accordance with the measures 
given in jig. 3. Next draw the perpendicular a, zB, and the horizontal line 
c, D, through the centre of the eye, construct the square a, c, B, D, and 
bisect its sides by the perpendiculars 1,3, and 2,4. Divide each of these 
lines into six equal parts, 1,2,3,..... 12. “Prolong the line 4, 1, to the 
little disk in fig. 4, and make this the centre of the volute. Then place one 
leg of the compasses in 1 and construct a quadrant from the centre of the 
volute to the prolongation of the line 1, 2; then construct from 2 with the 
new radius a quadrant to the prolongation of the line 2, 3; next the 
quadrants from 3 to 4, and from 4 to 5, always changing the radius accord- 
ing to the distance from the centre of the volute. To obtain the second 
spiral, proceed in the same manner, constructing the quadrants 5,6; 6, 7; 
7, 8; 8, 9, always changing the radius as before. The third spiral is finally 
determined by the quadrants 9, 10; 10, 11; 11, 12, and 12 to the top of the 
capital, constructed with their appropriate radii. The greatest accuracy is 
required to avoid corners, and to end the volute with the proper curve. 
The second or parallel spiral is determined in the same manner from the 
points lying one third of the distance 1-5, towards the interior from the 
former centres of construction. 
The Ionic capital contains the following mouldings (jig. 4), a supercilium, 
k, a foliated cyma, 2, the socle of the volute, A, a scotia, g, an ovolo with 
the decorative serpents’ eggs, serpents’ tongues and arrow heads /f, a bead, 
101 
