104 ARCHITECTURE. 
order has no modillions ; but on the other hand the remaining members, 
with the exception of the height of the corona, are much more boldly pro- 
filed, especially the dentals. The construction of the Composite capital is 
illustrated in pl. 21, fig. 8. The ground plan, A, and the elevation are 
drawn according to the accompanying measures in the manner described 
with regard to the Corinthian capital. The sole difference is this, that 
instead of the flower stalk with the little leaves and volutes, large volutes 
are here employed as in the [onic capital, having their groove, border, and 
the echinus, with the serpent’s eggs and tongues or arrow heads between 
them. The projection of the rows of leaves and of the volutes upon the 
capital is determined by the oblique line from the astragal to the horn of 
the abacus. The leaves thereby obtain a much inferior projection, as, on 
account of the height of the volutes, the leaf-coronals must be lower, for 
which reason the Composite capital often appears heavy and overladen. 
The frieze of this order, and indeed a great many of the members, admit 
of a rich decoration, and the capitals especially have at all times been 
fancifully ornamented. As examples of such capitals we give in pl. 19, 
jig. 15, the Composite capital from the great hall of the Baths of Diocletian, 
and jig. 14, a capital from the church San Pietro in Albano. The con- 
struction of the attic base, and the scotia belonging to it, which are employed 
in this order, are represented in pl. 20, jigs. 138 and 14. 
6. Tue Batusters. The Balustrades, or Balusters, which were sometimes 
introduced between the columns, or in the attics of the new buildings, were 
constructed simply or richly according to the orders, and for the sake of 
completeness we have included the balusters according to Vignola in our 
illustrations, although they are now very rarely or never introduced. The 
design for the balusters must include that for the pedestal, which consists of 
the plinth extending under the balusters, of the cubes supplying the places 
of balusters, and of the cornice extending over all the balusters. P/. 20, 
jig. 19, are balusters and pedestals for the Tuscan order, in which the 
latter receive decorations of rustic work or bossage. /%g. 17 is a baluster 
for the Doric order; jig. 18 for the Ionic; and jig. 19, for the Corinthian 
and Composite. It will be seen that the balusters and pedestals agree with 
the orders in the symmetry, slimness, and richness of the members. At 
present iron balusters are much more common than those of heavy stone, 
as in the former greater lightness and more elegance are attained. 
7. Repucrion anp Torsion or THE SHAFT oF THE Cotumy. Columns are 
reduced in various ways. Although in the majority, and the most beau- 
tiful of antique monuments, this reduction is achieved by a straight line 
from the foot to the neck, yet there are many such buildings in which this 
is not the case, but whose columns are either cylindrical for a certain dis- 
tance upwards, and then begin to diminish, or in which the greatest strength 
is not at the base but a little way up the column, which is there somewhat 
swelled. We will here mention the two most usual ways of drawing the 
reduction. When the height of the column and its diameters at the base 
and the capital have been determined, make the column (fig. 10) cylin- 
drical up to a third of its height, construct a semicircle upon the diameter 
104 
