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106 ARCHITECTURE. 
with rustic work. By rustic work we understand that kind of free- 
stone masonry in which the several courses of the stones are distinctly 
marked by sunk joints or grooves, either chamfered or otherwise cut. 
The faces admit of great variety of treatment; and, quite contrary to 
what its name literally imports, the rustic work is frequently made to show 
the very reverse of careless rudeness, namely, studied ornamentation by 
means of highly finished moulded joints; and even when the faces are 
vermiculated, or otherwise made rough, it is apparent that it is done pur- 
posely or artificially, especially when the vermiculation appears in panels — 
surrounded by smooth borders. 
Vignola gives the same proportions to the Doric door as to the Tuscan, but 
lays it ina smooth wall and gives it a richer frame adorned with two stripes. 
Larger and especially magnificent doors are laid between columns, and 
receive a completed Doric entablature, surmounted sometimes by a balcony 
railing in place of an attic. As an example of such a door Vignola adduces 
the gateway which he drew for the Palace of the Cancellaria for Cardinal 
Farnese in Rome (pl. 20, jig. 15). This palace was of stones which were 
taken partly from the Coliseum, partly from the Arch of Gordianus, and 
was built by Bramante for Cardinal Rafael Riario, but completed by 
Vignola. Gates must always bear the character of the buildings to which 
they belong. The door for the Jonic order has a richer frame and a cornice 
similar to the Ionic entablature, and resting on consoles (hyperthyrum). 
A very beautiful example of such doors in ancient times is the newly 
discovered door of the Erectheum upon the Acropolis of Athens. The 
Corinthian and Composite orders have doors which are richly adorned and 
finished with a cornice with modillions. The height is rather more than 
double the breadth. An example of this door is that of the church San 
Lorenzo in Damaso at Rome (jig. 14). This church, also, Bramante under- 
took at the instance of the Cardinal Riario, but Misnle complaint it, for 
which reason the doors were designed by him. 
The windows have the same proportions as the doors, inasmuch as, with few 
exceptions, they are twice as high as broad. If they are arched above, their 
height exceeds double the breadth, but not by the full height of the arch. 
The windows have also frames which agree with the style of the building, 
and cornices sometimes resting upon consoles. Formerly they had triangular 
or arched gables over this cornice, but that error is now avoided. Sometimes 
the windows receive lower cornices with mouldings, and often resting on 
consoles. 
8. Monuments or THE GavLs AND Britons (Oxwts). 
We come now to a series of monuments, which, while the antiquities of 
Egypt, Greece, and Rome were studied with an untiring zeal, remained 
unnoticed and unknown; partly, perhaps, because they lay so near, and in 
part because they had no ee: value. We mean the monuments of our own 
ancestors, the Druidical and Celtic remains, which strongly remind us of 
the Cyclopean remains of Greece. The Celtic, Druidical, Gallic, and British 
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