ARCHITECTURE. 117 
assists in ventilation, thus counterbalancing the smallness of the windows. 
The ceilings are panelled (jig. 12) and gaudily painted and gilded. 
ig. 16 gives a view of the rich dwelling of a mandarin. It is situated 
in Tong-Chow, and known as the Pavilion of the Star of Hope. It consists 
of three distinct buildings of magnificent workmanship, two of which are 
entirely open halls lying in front of the house, and forming, as it were, 
porticoes to the same. The roofs are all of different shapes and tastefully 
carved. The whole is surrounded by rich terraces and gardens. The 
interior corresponds in magnificence with the exterior, and is especially 
rich in carved and inlaid work. It is divided into two parts by a corridor 
filled with beautiful flowers and separating the rooms of the owner from 
those of the women. All sleeping rooms are in the upper story, which 
opens upon a terrace surrounded with a carved railing also decorated 
with flowers. The effect of the villa and its grounds is said to be truly 
enchanting. 
Of public buildings the pagodas deserve special notice. Jig. 18 gives 
the ground plan, and jig. 19 the section of the large pagoda at Ho-Nang, the 
southern part of Canton. It is 572 feet in length by a breadth of 360 feet, 
and is used as a temple, a market, a tavern, and a hospital. The buildings 
in the circumference connected by colonnades contain the various apart- 
ments used for secular purposes, whilst the three edifices in the centre 
contain the temple and the dwellings for the priests. In the arrangements 
of the ground plan affinities to the Greek and still more to the Egyptian 
style cf building are perceptible. 
With the exception of Christian churches, which are not tolerated, we 
find in China temples for the public worship of almost all known religions: 
for instance of the religion of Confucius, Buddha, Mahomed, of the Hebrews, 
&ec. Exteriorly the different temples are almost all alike, and they vary 
only in their interior arrangement. /7%g. 20 represents the entrance of a 
magnificent temple of Confucius in Tsing-Hai in the province of Tshe-Kiang. 
This temple is one of the most frequented. The entrance represented in 
our figure leads to the sanctuary which, like all similar places in China, 
serves two purposes, first that of worship, and next of occasional residence 
for imperial officers or of distinguished travellers, who never omit to bestow 
upon the temple a donation in accordance with their rank or wealth. 
They also give presents to the priests, as they receive no salaries from the 
emperor, who only pays the priests of his household, leaving the others to 
the care of the devout. | 
One of the most renowned edifices of China is the porcelain tower of the 
Temple of Gratitude, near the city of Pekin, which was built by order of 
the emperor Yung-Lo. According to the report of the missionary P. 
Lecomte it has a substructure of brick forming a large platform, surrounded 
by a railing of rough marble, and accessible from all sides by flights of ten 
or twelve steps. The hall serving as temple has a depth of 100 feet, and 
rests on a plinth of marble one foot thick, and projecting two feet on all 
sides. The front has several pillars and a gallery; the roof is covered with 
green tiles. The woodwork in the interior consists of innumerable small 
117 
