were 2s + —_— =: ~~~ ss 
A 
128 ARCHITECTURE. 
eighteenth century by Borronini, who also marred the noble simplicity of the 
building by introducing a number of inferior ornaments, gables and the 
like. The valuable Romanesque structure was thus changed into a chureh 
in the most corrupt Italian style. 
The church of St. Clement, whose portico (jig. 17), ciborium (fig. 19), 
and choir (jig. 20), we have noticed, is located on the way from the Coliseum 
to the Lateran. It is remarkable for having still the original arrangements 
given to it when it was erected in the fourth century. In front of it is a 
quadrangular court surrounded by colonnades with cross-vaulted ceilings. 
The court contains sixteen Ionic granite columns and four pillars. The ~ 
church has three aisles separated by two rows of antique columns connected 
by arches and by two pillars. The semicircular ends of the side aisles form 
chapels, one of which is decorated with paintings by Masaccio. The centre 
terminates with the semicircular sanctuary containing the altar and seats for 
the bishop and priests. The ground plan of the church is simple. The aisles 
are different in width, which is not in strict accordance with good taste. 
Nevertheless the effect of the church is very good in spite of the dissimi- 
larity of the capitals ; and the only real disturbance of the symmetry arises 
from the two unsightly pillars introduced by Fontana in the seventeenth 
century. The floors are in mosaic of various kinds of marble, and the walls 
have beautiful fresco paintings. 
St. Paul’s basilica before Rome, on the way to Ostia, is among the finest 
and largest churches in the Romanesque style (jig. 4, plan; jig. 30, per- 
spective view of part of the cloister). It was erected in the years 386-395, 
and has no court like St. Clement’s. It has five aisles formed by four rows 
of twenty Corinthian columns. Those of the two middle rows are fluted 
and from 31 feet, 9 inches, to 32 feet, 42 inches high, by diameters from 3 
feet 3 to 3 feet 4 inches; the columns in the outer rows are smooth and 27 
feet high. The intercolumniations are of three diameters, and the columns 
‘formerly belonged to some ancient monuments, probably the mausoleum 
of Hadrian. A few of them only are newer. The inequality of the 
heights is counterbalanced by unequal cubes. The columns of each row 
are connected by arches on which rests a wall with round-arched windows, 
those of the centre row being placed higher than those of the sides. The 
fresco paintings of the square panels under the windows have been destroyed 
by damp. The transept is nearly at the end of the church, and is 
divided into two parts by Ionic columns and pillars with small altars in 
front. The main altar is in the semicircular sanctuary. The interior, which 
was consumed by fire about twenty years ago, was of admirable effect, and 
the method of lighting it was excellent. It was based upon the Egyptian 
plan (pl. 6, fig. 7) of admitting the light through an aperture over the door. 
The cloister (jig. 30) is almost square, being 121 feet by 101. It has 
several doors to the court and fine arcades placed on low walls with well 
profiled cornices. The long sides are divided into five, the short into four 
sections, by pilasters serving as supports for the cross-vault ceilings of the 
divisions. Between every two pillars are five pairs of small columns stand- 
ing behind each other and connected by semicircular arches which are 
128 
