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130 ARCHITECTURE, 
carefully grouped into a new entablature which is surmounted by five thin 
Corinthian columns with arches and wall like those of the main nave. The 
ceilings of the basilica are flat and decorated in a rich style; that of the 
semicircular sanctuary is conically arched. The altar has at its corners 
four smooth Corinthian porphyry columns with a frieze and cornice support- 
ing a dome. The portico in front of the basilica has light Ionic columns, 
spirally fluted. 
The church of St. Agnes was also built during the reign of Constantine, 
and is situated before the gates of Rome (jig. 14, view; pl. 30, fig. 24, plan ; 
pl. 46, fig. 16, plan, including the new ele), In ae principal nave it 
has two tiers of antique columns, seven in each row, the upper ones forming 
galleries. The columns ‘have different heights and unequal bases, and are 
connected by arches. Two of the columns have ropelike flutings, 140 in 
number, and probably date from the fourth century. The comparison of 
the old and new plans will show that no alterations have been made in this 
basilica save the addition of the chapels. 
The basilica Santa Maria Maggiore (pl. 27, fig. 6, plan) was built in 352, 
probably with materials taken from the temple of Juno Lacinia. It was 
modernized, though to little advantage, by Cosmo, Pietro di Cortona, and 
Rainaldi, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The interior has 
two rows of eighteen antique Ionic columns connected by an entablature 
with two large consoles. The altar had four columns around it, two of 
which have been removed by one of the restorers in order to attain a large 
opening, which is arched and interrupts the entablature, the arch resting on 
two coupled columns on either side. Behind these are pilasters, supporting 
others whose capitals are connected by arches. The wooden panelled 
ceiling rests on the entablature of the upper Corinthian pilaster. The choir 
terminates in agpentagon, and is arched above. ‘The front is very deficient 
in taste, and dates from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 
The church of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem (jig. 7, plan) was erected in 
the fourth century as a Christian basilica, restored in 1144, and finally spoiled 
by Gregori in the seventeenth century, who caused the beautiful Ionic 
columns to be cased in pilasters. The portico of this basilica has eight 
columns from which three doors, a, 6, a, lead into the court c, which is 
flanked by colonnades. Three doors lead from this court into a hall, p, 
behind which lies the baptistery with columns on three sides, and in the 
centre the font, ¢. The fourth side is occupied by three doors leading into 
the basilica, r, which has five naves, the principal one ending in a semi- 
circular sanctuary lined with small columns and containing the altar, g. 
The basilica St. Saba, before St. Paul’s gate in Rome, was erected in the 
fourth century (pl. 33, fig. 21, plan; jig. 22, plan of the choir, showing the 
stairs to the altar; jig. 23, front view; jig. 24, rear view; jigs. 25, 26, details 
from the mosaics of the principal entrance). The three naves of the church 
are of equal height, being formed by two tiers of seven columns, the lower 
ones supporting della over the side aisles. Two of the twenty-eight 
columns are of iid two of red porphyry, the rest of Parian marble; all 
entiqne. The init was added in 770; its decorations and materials are 
130 
