ARCHITECTURE. 131 
also antique. The story over the portico, which is very much out of place, is 
of later date. The sanctuary and the two chapels, containing the library 
and the sacred vessels, are semicircular and roofed with tiles. 
The basilica Bibiana, erected in: 365, has been modernized, and thereby 
despoiled of its characteristics, by Bernini. Its ground plan is given in pl. 
46, fig. 15. It contained sixteen columns, arranged in two rows and two tiers. 
The plan of the basilica, which was changed into the church San Cosmo 
e Damiano (jig. 18), is curious for the division of the side aisles into small 
chapels by pilasters and columns. /%g. 17 gives the plan of the Roman 
Basilica Julia, now San Grisogno, remarkable for a pure Doric portico of 
four columns. 
The basilica erected by bishop Pamfili in Tyre, in the fourth century, 
resembles that of San Cosmo, in having chambers or chapels in the side 
aisles (pl. 30, jig. 25, plan), but is unique in having a court all round. It 
is contemporary with a Latin basilica near Athens, the ruins of which we 
have given in front and rear views in jigs. 10 and 11. 
B. Byzantine Style. 
The Eastern churches were mostly of a square, round, or polygonal form. 
Of the latter form a beautiful example is found in St. Vital’s church in 
Ravenna (pl. 29, fig. 1). The characteristic difference between the Byzan- 
tine and the Romanesque styles is that the former always had a cupola, 
whilst the latter, even the buildings whose form was round, had flat roofs 
of carpentry. The type of the Byzantine style is given in the plan of St. 
Sophia’s church in Constantinople (jig. 18), constructed by Isidorus of 
Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles, by order of the emperor Justinian. It has 
many oriental characteristics which were copied in all the later buildings of 
this school, both in the East and in Italy,Germany, and France. The proof 
that St. Sophia’s church is the prototype of the Byzantine ground plan is 
found in the various plans of other churches, of which we enumerate the 
church of Navarino in Greece (pl. 30, jig. 12), Panhagia Nicodimo in 
Athens (pl. 28, jig. 1), and the Catholicon or the Cathedral of Athens 
(pl. 29, fig. 9). Others will be adduced hereafter. 
Before passing to the description of Byzantine fronts we must mention 
some peculiarities of this style. In it freestone and bricks are often used 
together, the latter laid both in horizontal and in vertical lines, so as to 
form frames round panels of freestone. Great variety of decoration is 
attained in this manner, enhanced by the application of moulded, curved, 
and Y-shaped bricks. Another peculiarity of this style is, that the slope 
of the roof seldom appears to view, the top of the building being generally 
a straight line, surmounted by a cupola over the central rotunda, and some- 
times by smaller domes at the sides, marking the points of connexion 
between the vestibule and the side aisles in large buildings. A curious 
Byzantine edifice is the church of Samara in Greece (pl. 28, fig. 2). 
The large Byzantine cupolas rest either on cylindrical substructures or on 
the roof itself, and have numerous circular openings or windows through 
which the spherical vaults are lighted. The tiles are generally flat like the 
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