148 ARCHITECTURE. 
columns into two parts, so that the entire building apparently has five aisles, 
as Notre Dame in Paris ( pl. 40, fig. 1). 
5. Tae Transept is a transverse nave intersecting the main nave mi: side 
aisles at right angles at the foot of the choir, and extending more or less 
beyond the outer wails of the side aisles, as in the basilicas, thus giving the 
church the form of a cross. The two projections were termed the cross- 
arms. At their extremities subordinate altars were placed. Small churches 
and chapels were often without a transept; very large ones had sometimes 
two, which gave them the form of the archiepiscopal cross, or the cross of 
Lorrain (pl. 34, fig. 6). When the arms of the transept are as long as the 
main nave, the church forms the Greek cross (fig. T); most commonly the 
main nave is much longer. The church then forms the Latin cross (fig. 8). 
In some churches the high choir with the apsis is longer than the main nave. 
The form of such churches is termed an inverted cross. 
6. Tae Portats. The oldest churches had only one entrance leading into 
the forecourt. Since the courts were abandoned the principal front portal has 
taken their place (pl. 35, jig. 3, the portal of Notre Dame la Grande, in 
Poitiers). The portal is usually on the west side opposite the sanctuary. 
Sometimes, however, the church has two apsides at opposite ends of the 
main nave. In such cases the portal is in one of the cross arms, whilst 
there are subordinate entrances on both sides of the lower apsis, as in the 
cathedral of Treves (pl. 34, jig. 14), which is either occupied by a subordi- 
nate altar or serves as a baptistery. The grand portal is, in all edifices of 
the middle ages, the part which received the greatest display of magnifi- 
cence ; yet the subordinate ones added greatly to the splendor of the other 
facades. 
7. Tae Forenart anp VestipvuLte. Originally the vestibules were fore- 
halls properly so-called. They were attached to the churches, and served 
to protect penitents against the inclemency of the weather without their 
entering the church itself. Gradually this use was set aside and the size of 
the forehalls much reduced until they were entirely done away with, or 
rather supplanted by the vestibules. Of these there are two kinds, the 
exterior and the interior. The former are usually constructed in imitation 
of the antique portico, as in the basilica of St. Vincent in Rome (jig. 13). 
The interior vestibules are sometimes in form of a rotunda with a cupola, as 
in the Temple in Paris (fig. 9). This is an imitation of the church of the 
Holy Sepuichre in Jerusalem, which is found also in several Romanesque 
churches. Vestibules are also naturally afforded by the areas of the sub- 
structures of the towers or spires, examples of which are found in St. Rade- 
gund’s church in Poitiers (pl. 34, jig. 10), in the minster of Freiburg 
(pl. 35, fig. 16 A), and others. When there are two towers or spires, the 
space between them is roofed in and forms the vestibule, as in the church 
of Monreal in Sicily (pl. 34, jig. 11), the cathedral of Magdeburg (pi. 41, 
jig. 16), &c. A vestibule may also be obtained by placing the door some 
distance back behind the mass of the portal, as in the cathedral of Rheims 
( pl. 34, fig. 12). 
Another kind of vestibule occurred in the middle ages, attached to the 
148 
