

150 ARCHITECTURE. 
even to overloading. The ornament, therefore, is no essential part of the 
pointed-arch style, but assumes its characteristics in accordance with its 
rules. The walls that are not held perfectly plain in their larger masses 
exhibit embellishments of various kinds. They are then usually divided 
into panels by mouldings or straight members, and these panels orna- 
mented with braided work (pl. 34, jig. 21), scales (jig. 22), or checkered 
work (jig. 23). The walls are, however, also found interrupted by pilasters, 
or by flat recesses or niches arched above, or with true or imitation lattice- 
work. Such arches were often subdivided into smaller ones, whose form cor- 
responds with that of the larger arch, and which jointly rest on a column, as 
in the Byzantine window (jig. 24). The filling over the column is then 
usually pierced, the openings corresponding in shape with the style of the 
arches, and being three or four lobed (jig. 25). Similar apertures are also 
employed for ventilating in other places ; or, when decoration only is aimed 
at, superseded by mere recesses of the same shape. The arches often appear 
intertwined, their springings resting on alternate columns or pilasters (jigs. 
26-28, round and pointed arches, with imitation lattice-work). 
Special attention is claimed by the columns, pillars, and mitres (or joints) 
of arches, or arched recesses or niches. Columns are distinguished from 
pillars and pilasters by their having capitals, and usually also bases. A 
medium between the two kinds of supports is represented by the columnar 
pillars (jig. 29), which are always short and clumsy, and instead of capitals 
have only an astragal and slab at the top, and frequently only one or the 
other. A column is said to be incomplete if it has not a distinct base, shaft, 
and capital, that is to say if one or two of these parts are absent. Thus the 
base and part of the shaft may be wanting. When the latter is the case, 
as in half-columns, the lower end of the shaft rests on a console (jig. 30), or 
on a foliated knob (fig. 32); or the shaft is truncated, 7. e. eut off horizon- 
tally or obliquely (jig. 31). The last mode of construction was frequently 
not the intention of the first designer, but the absent part was subse- 
quently removed by truncation, in order to gain space or light. 
The various forms of the outline of columns are illustrated on pl. 34, 
namely : round (jig. 84); with an obtuse projection (fig. 8346); with an 
acute projection (jig. 33c¢); elliptical (jig. 33d); square (jig. 34e), the 
outline of a pillar; rectangular against a wall, the form of a pilaster (fig. 
34 7); and polygonal (fig. 33 9). 
The bases either rest immediately on the ground or floor, or are elevated 
by plinths or pedestals. They are either composed of mouldings or deco- 
rated with animal figures (pl. 35, jig. 7), with single heads of animals 
(jig. 8), or with foliation. 
The various forms of shafts are shown in jig. 10 as club-shaped (a), 
swelled (4), baluster-shaped (c), cylindrical (d), and conic (e); their group- 
ing is illustrated in fig. 11, viz. simple (a), crossed (6), braided (c), broken 
(7), knotted (e), and divided by rings (f/f). The different decorations of 
shafts are represented in jig. 12, viz. fluted (@), deep fluted 6), spirally 
fluted (ce), lozenged (7), facetted (e), crimped (7), with chevrons (g), with 
steps (A), with scales (2), and with beads (£). Sometimes shafts are also 
150 
