ARCHITECTURE. 173 
into three parts by six columns 8 feet high. The cube-formed capitals of 
the columns support strong cross-vaults. 
The history of the building of this church is the following. In 627, when 
Edwin, the Saxon king in Northumberland, was baptized at the instance 
of his wife Ethelburga, a wooden chapel was erected here, which was 
replaced in the year 642 by a stone church dedicated to the apostle Paul, 
but this was destroyed by Benda, the king of the Mercians. In 741 the 
bishop Alcuin built a new church upon this site and the building was 
already important. In 1069 it was injured by fire, and, scarcely rebuilt, 
was again in 1134 once more destroyed in the same manner. Archbishop 
Thurstan, therefore, built a new church in the Byzantine style, of which the 
erypt still exists. In the year 1227, the southern transept with a beautiful 
round window and portico was erected. John le Romayne, treasurer of the 
church, built the northern belfry and that upon the intersection of the aisles 
in 1260, and his son of the same name, who was bishop, laid the corner- 
stone for the main building and the tower facade in 1291. As all these 
parts were built in the German style Archbishop Thoresby, in 1361, had 
the choir rebuilt so that the church became symmetrical. The Arch- 
deacon of the church, Walter Skirlan, was the architect of this work, 
and expended much money upon it. The church was completed in the 
year 1405. It was much injured by fire several years ago, but it has since 
been thoroughly repaired. 
16. Tae CotteciaTe Caurcu at Mancusster. In no country of Europe 
in which buildings of the German style have been erected, has the artificial 
construction of vaults been carried to such a perfection, or executed with 
such taste as in England, in which occur almost exclusively the involutions 
of geometrical figures. The artificial vaults first occur in the last quarter 
of the 138th century, and they have been made the supports of a new 
English style. But as they exhibit no characteristic difference from the 
German style, appearing within the limits and construction of the pointed- 
arch style as ornaments of the vaults, such a classification cannot be 
admitted. On the other hand there are also buildings in England where 
vaults are constructed not according to the geometrical figures, but with 
ribs laid according to curves, with numerous subordinate ribs which are 
nothing but decorations. Several such ribs are united in one knot and 
recurve, being ornamented either with a hanging keystone or a kind of 
little temple, or human and animal figures. Often, however, these vaults 
are made so flat that the ribs seem like an imitation of the artistic wood- 
work with which the English roofed their large halls. The Collegiate 
-ehurch in Manchester is an example of this roofing. It was commenced in 
1400. Pl. 41, jig. 15, represents the interior view. The ceiling of the 
choir is composed of such almost flat stone arches, while the main building 
shows the wooden construction unchanged. This building exhibits upon 
the whole a blending of the pointed-arch style with the flat ceiling which 
is characteristic in many other English churches. This building is also a 
good example of the English flowing pointed-arch style, even if there are 
occasional traces of the Tudor and ass’s-back arches. 
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