ARCHITECTURE. 217 
presented in pi. 58, jig. 12, a part of the view, and jig. 13, a part of the 
ground plan of the Almetdan at Ispahan, in Persia. The whole building 
contains selling stalls, distributed through many stories. It surrounds a 
large court C C, to which is adjoined a spacious colonnade. Large 
entrances, A, B, D, E, F, G, lead into the inner stalls, and on the inside a lane 
passes before the stands, every building having four rows of stands, of which 
every two stand with their backs to each other. 
12. Prisons. 
In the construction of prisons, meaning those which are also work- 
houses, many systems are adopted, according to the manner in which the 
prisoners work, together or separately, and whether strict silence is to be 
observed, &c. The last-named system arose in America. This is not the 
place to speculate upon the characteristic advantages of these systems. Yet 
the American system greatly prevails. Generally, the prison-houses sur- 
round several courts, as the prison at Aix (pl. 57, jig. 18), to separate the 
sexes, and even the classes of prisoners from any intercourse. PJ. 59, jig. 
15, shows the ground plan of the prison of Newgate, which is not a work- 
house, on which account the cells are larger, and no regard is had to a hall 
for labor. The jail at Ghent (jig. 16), recently built, and upon the cell 
system, forms an octagon, and all the entrances of the cells are in the form 
of radii from the church placed in the centre. In the prisons of Milan 
(jig. 17) and Amsterdam (jig. 18), the labor is in common, and only espe- 
cial criminals are separated into single cells. 
We shall give some details of the new prison at Halle, because it is 
often quoted as a model institution. Pl. 59, jig. 1, gives a perspective 
view of the whole institution, and jig. 2, the general ground plan. A is the 
chief building, of which jig. 8 shows the ground plan of the cellar story, jig. 
4 that of the first story, jig. 5 of the second, which is like the third, and 
jig. 6 is the ground plan of the four stories, with the church. /%g. 7 is the 
front, and jig. 9 the side view of the main building; jig. 8 its lateral section, 
and jig. 10 the longitudinal section. 7g. 2, B, C, and D, are the prison- 
houses, connected by bridges @ 6 with the church in the main building. E is 
the entrance building, F the bath and wash-house, whose ground plan is 
seen in jig. 13, and the side view in jig.14. G is the lazaretto, whose 
ground plan is seen in jig. 11, and the side view in jig.12. The whole 
establishment is surrounded by a wall, inclosing courts and gardens for 
recreation and Jabor in the open air. 
13. Brass. 
As in the other buildings we have described we have omitted technical 
details, so we shall do with the bridges, of which we will describe a few of 
the most famous. 
1. Irary. One of the most beautiful bridges is the covered bridge over 
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