114 MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGIOUS RITES. 
superior gods constituted the council or divine senate of Elders on Olym- 
pos, but all the other deities composed the great assembly. 
At a later period, as the conception of the universe and the gods became 
more enlarged, the Greeks transported the gods to the furthest sphere of 
the heavens, uniting them with the planetary world, and gave to this new 
divine abode the name of Olympos. 
2. Gops or tHE LowER Wor.Lp. 
After the Olympic gods, the deities of the world of shades constituted the 
next rank. Of these the most powerful and supreme was 
1. Hapss (Aides, Atdoneus, or Ais, also Orcos and Dis). He was the 
son of Cronos and Rhea, and at the partition of the universal government 
he obtained by lot his kingdom, where he reigned with an authority equal 
to that of Zeus in the upper world. Ata later period the Greeks gave him 
the name of Pluto, to indicate his kingdom, the treasures, mines, and metals 
in the bowels of the earth. After his rescue by J/etis from his father, who 
had devoured him, he was brought up in a dark cavern. In this way he 
came to prefer darkness to light. His exterior greatly resembles that of his 
brothers Zeus and Poseidon, the principal point of difference being apparent 
in the hair, which in Hades falls on the forehead, while in the brothers it is 
drawn back to the crown. This gives to his whole aspect the seriousness 
and gloom of a judge from whom justice but not mercy may be expected. | 
In pl. 23, jig. 8, he is represented sitting upon a throne, dressed in a long 
flowing tunic, and holding in his left hand a sceptre. On his head stands 
a modius or measure, to signify that he will rule justly and impartially, and 
distribute rewards and punishments in exact accordance with merit. The 
terrible impression of his awful majesty is considerably augmented by the 
three-headed dog Cerberos, which stands at his feet with a snake round his 
body. The busts of Hades (pl. 23, jig.1; pl. 22, jig. 17), which are also 
distinguished by the modus, disclose the same earnest solemnity. During 
the war with the Titans he gave valuable aid to his brother Zeus. Having 
obtained one of the double lances wrought by the Cyclopes expressly for 
that contest, he doubled the number usually slain by him, and thus 
rendered himself terrible to the usurpers. The fearful helmet which 
he wore, and which rendered its wearer invisible, made him a very for- 
midable enemy. By its assistance he wrested the sickle from Cronos, which 
rendered him both invincible and irresistible in battle. 
2. PreRSEPHONE (Proserpine), daughter of Zeus and Demeter, was the 
wife of Hades, and as such queen of the lower world, where she lived four 
months of the year with Hades, assisting him in judging the dead, and 
often sending her messenger AZe to bid transgressing mortals appear before 
her tribunal. In the representations which exhibit her in this character 
(pl. 23, fig. 11) she bears a strong resemblance to Hera. The dress and 
diadem are the same; one hand holds the sceptre, and the other the sacri- 
ficial cup. The two serpents, however, on the diadem of Persephone clearly 
334, 
