150 MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGIOUS RITES. 
rendered him homage (p/. 17, jig. 6). He is seated on a throne with a 
footstool. Beneath the throne lies the globe, an emblem of his dominion 
over the world. The diadem, a token of his divinity, adorns his head ; one 
hand grasps the sceptre with which he governs the heaven and the earth, 
the left holds a thunderbolt. J/wno, who stands in front of him, wears the 
diadem as queen of the gods; the others, except M/imerva, have only front- 
lets. Mercury carries the caduceus and a purse; Apollo, near Juno, has 
his hair put up in the form of a double wreath. Of Dzana we see only 
the head, and in the original the legs of Jars are also visible. Venus, 
the rival of Minerva, turns her back upon her; and between Venus and 
Mercury appears Ceres. Higher up we see the head of Vulcan covered 
with a hat, and behind him Hebe, the cup-bearer of the gods. Weptune 
and Pluto are wanting, because engaged in their respective empires, the 
sea and the world of shades. 
The exalted rank and worship of Jupiter gave rise to numerous modes 
of representing him, and created for him many surnames. As Deus Pater, 
father of gods and men (pl. 15, fig. 5), he appears entirely nude, and hold- 
ing in his right hand a sceptre as the symbol of his omnipotence. As 
Jupiter Conservator or Protector (pl. 17, fig. 12), he holds the sceptre in 
the left hand, spreads out his mantle, and extends the right hand with the 
thunderbolts over the emperor Commodus, who is also represented with 
the lightnings and sceptre. The inscription signifies “Jupiter the Preserver, 
Tribune of the People the third time, Imperator the fourth time, Consul the 
third time, and Father of his country.” The copy is taken from a large 
bronze medal of Commodus. 
In Rome alone Jupiter had fifteen temples. In the temple of the 
Capitoline Jupiter (who was patron god of the city and state) the Sybilline 
books (containing the oracles on state affairs) were kept, and all important 
national transactions were begun and completed. Those who were honored 
with a triumph deposited in the bosom of his image the laurel twig which 
they had carried in the procession. The priests of Jupiter ranked higher 
than others and were permitted to wear purple, the royal color. — 
2. Juno (Hera) was wife of Jupiter and queen of the gods. She had 
a temple in Rome and was honored as the patron goddess of the city. 
She was elevated to this dignity after the conquest of Vez, a city which 
the Romans had besieged for ten years, and which they finally took by 
means of a subterranean passage which they dug and which happened to 
terminate in her temple. A soldier asked her. statue whether it wished 
to be removed to Rome. The figure nodded an affirmative, and was taken 
to the victorious city and located on the Aventine Hill, where the goddess 
was honored as Juno Regina (pl. 17, fig. 14). As such she is adorned 
with the diadem and holds a lance and a sacrificial vesse!.. The Junonian 
diadem, together with the falling locks and the long ear-pendants, is finely 
represented on a bust (jig. 15). Very similar to the Juno Regina is the 
statue of Juno Capitolina (fig. 16). The goddess here rests her left hand 
on her hip, and holds aloft in her right a part of a shaft. As Juno Placida 
( fig. 17) she is seated on a chair, a lance or staff in her right hand, and the 
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