30 THE FINE ARTS. 
Polycletus wore a crown with the figures of the Hours and Graces in relief. 
In one hand she held a pomegranate as an indication of the great deity of 
nature, and in the other a sceptre on which perched a cuckoo. In the 
countenance of Juno is depicted an imperishable bloom and maturity of 
beauty, softly rounded, and commanding reverence without harshness. Her 
forehead, bordered with hair flowing down on each side, forms a gently 
arched triangle; and her full and open eyes look straight before/her. Her 
form is blooming and completely developed, that of a matron. Her dress 
leaves only her neck and arms bare. ‘The best extant statue, although 
of no particular excellence, is the Barberint Hera in the Museo Pio 
Clementino. 
c. Poseidon. The god of the sea was Poseidon, the Neptune of the 
Romans; and to him the rivers and springs were sacred. The artistic form 
‘ of this god is based on the fundamental idea of the poets, that, as ruler of a 
stormy element, he is like Zeus august and powerful but without his calm 
majesty of demeanor, while he exhibits something hard and rough both in 
his corporeal and mental movements. Hence he is represented in the most 
flourishing period of Grecian art with a rather slenderer figure than Zeus 
and more powerful muscles, which are rendered still more prominent by 
his posture. His countenance is angular in its character, with less calmness 
and repose in the features, and with wild disordered hair. ‘There still exists 
a statue of Poseidon by Phidias in Carrey’s drawing of the western pedi- 
ment of the Parthenon, standing with feet wide apart and swelling veins in 
the breast. The modifications, however, to which the form of Poseidon is 
subjected even in the productions of ancient Greek art areso considerable, 
as to render it difficult to define its general character (See pi. 3, jig. 10, 
second figure). 
d. Demeter. Connected with Poseidon appears Demeter, the Roman 
Ceres, the goddess of nourishing and sustaining nature, conceived of as a 
mother. This character, regarded in a purely human point of view, is also 
made the foundation of the artistic representations of the goddess; and the 
most beautiful embodiments of the idea are found in the school of Praxiteles, 
viz. in the gold and ivory statue in the temple of Eleusis. Demeter has a 
more matronly and motherly appearance than Hera; the expression of her 
face, the back part of which is concealed by the upper garments or veil 
thrown over her head, is gentler and milder; and her form, which is com- 
pletely enveloped in clothing, appears stouter and fuller, as becomes the 
mother of all. Her attributes are a garland of corn-ears about her head, 
poppies and ears of corn in her hand, and a torch and fruit-basket. Not 
unfrequently she is seen enthroned; although it is as common to behold 
her walking over the earth and dispensing her fruits. A colossal statue of 
Demeter with her attributes complete is preserved in the Museo Pio 
Clementino. 
e. Apollo. Phoebus Apollo was a god of health and of order, as opposed 
to a hostile nature and world. With respect to nature, he is the god of the 
more cheerful seasons of the year who drives away the winter; and as 
regards human affairs, a god who destroys oppressors and protects the 
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