38 THE FINE ARTS. 
of Prometheus, especially of the fettered Titan, incited artists at an early 
period to its representation. The giants who figure as opponents of the 
gods are represented by the older artists as an exceedingly large-sized race ; 
and it was not till afterwards that they were converted, as an indication of 
their earthly origin, into rock-hriling, snake-footed monsters. 
J. The Lower World and Death. Wades, among the Romans Pluto, 
the ruler of the shadowy realm, is distinguished from his brothers, Zeus 
and Poseidon, by the hair hanging down over his forehead and by his sombre 
aspect ; beside him sits enthroned Persephone (Proserpine) as the Hera of 
the nether world. These deities appear chiefly on funeral urns and sarco- 
phagi; statues of them are very rare. Sleep and Death in the productions 
of ancient art are rarely and with difficulty to be distinguished ; and thus is 
given that pleasing view of death and the grave, which the ancients were 
fond of seeking to preserve. The genius of Death is supposed to be found, 
and modern art has retained the symbol, in a winged youth with drooping 
head and hands crossed over an inverted torch ; whereas Sleep for the most 
part appears with poppy-heads in his hand. Very beautiful is the repre- 
sentation of Sleep as a boy in the Dresden Museum (pl. 4, fig. 10). At his 
feet is a lizard, indicating the presence of the god of dreams. Morpheus 
is also found under the figure of an old man with wings. 
g. Tvme. Of the representation of Kronos, who was also the god of 
Time, we have already spoken; as for the Horse, who were warders at the 
gates of heaven and servants of Helins, and who mostly retained their 
signification in art, the succession of blossoming and ripening is their 
characteristic. The earlier artists represented only two of them, the later 
ones three or more. When four in number, they appear for the most part 
as the Seasons, and they are still more frequently represented as youths. 
A relief with dancing Hours (pl. 3, jig. 8) was formerly in the Villa 
Borghese, but is now in the Louvre in Paris. It is probably a copy from 
the masterpiece of Callimachus, the subject of which was Lacedemonan 
girls in the act of dancing. 
h. Beings of Light. The Sun-god, if we except the Phoebus or Sol of 
the Romans, was held especially worshipped only in Rhodes. He appears 
with rounded forms and with rays streaming from his head, clothed in white, 
in his chariot, and guiding his steeds with the whip. Selene (Luna), in her 
usual form, is distinguished from Artemis, who also appears as the Moon- 
goddess, only by more complete drapery and by a veil which forms an arch 
over her head. Eos (the Dawn) appears either herself in a quadriga in 
magnificent form, or along with Helios as guide of the horses of the sun. 
Horoscopi play an important part on reliefs, for determining periods of 
time. Iris, from a luminous appearance in the sky, the rainbow, was con- 
verted in art into a light-winged messenger of the gods. She often appears 
on reliefs with the caduceus and a flower. 
2. The Winds. Of the eight Winds only Boreas appears alone and 
independent on several reliefs, for instance on the coffer of Cypselus, where 
he has serpent-feet; and sometimes he is accompanied only by Zephyrus. 
All the eight Winds are sculptured in relief with their attributes on the 
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