SCULPTURE. 39 
tower of Andronicus Cyrrhestes. The Harpies were properly dangerous 
wind-gusts, and appear usually in the form of winged women (pl.1, jig. 13), 
and sometimes with more or less of the likeness of birds, as the myth leaves 
their shape tolerably undefined. 
k. The Water. The attendant circle of Poseidon entirely resembles that 
of Dionysus, except that here the water and its inhabitants come into play. 
Their representations extend from the lofty forms of Poseidon, Amphitrite, 
and Thetis, through many intermediate gradations, to the fantastic shapes of 
the sea-monsters. A fine contrast is presented by the fish-tailed and satyr 
or centaur-shaped Tritons (sea and river gods) on the one hand, and on the 
other by the Nereids, for the most part in human form, in the earlier art 
lightly draped and afterwards undraped (graceful maiden shapes), whose 
pliant configuration is charmingly developed in manifold postures and 
windings. The water-gods appear, according to the importance of the 
streams, either as old men or as youths with urns, cornucopis, and rushes 
as attributes, which are further modified by the nature of the country and 
the condition of the nations that inhabit it. So the Nereids of the Sea 
correspond with the Naiads of the rivers, which are represented as half 
clothed maidens frequently holding large shells. 
l. The Vegetation. The gods of the groves and fields are for the most 
part of Roman origin. To these belong Silvanus and Vertumnus, although 
our museums contain no statues of the latter. Among the attendants of 
Silvanus are the Fauns; and while he appears as an aged or at least a 
mature man, they are slender but powerfully formed youths with short 
curly hair and cheerful countenances. They are the guardians of the woods, 
appear usually naked or at most with only a beast’s skin, in general a 
-panther’s or lion’s hide, thrown loosely about them. 2. 6, jig. 3, is copied 
from a beautiful statue of a Faun at rest leaning against the trunk of a tree. 
Flora, the goddess of spring and of flowers, seems to have been formed by the 
Romans from the Grecian Hora of spring. One of the first statues of Flora 
is the Larnese Flora, now in the Museum of Naples (pi. 3, fig. 6) ; although 
only the torso is ancient, the head, the extremities, and the attributes being 
modern restorations. The Pomona of the Romans is the Autumnal Hora 
of the Greeks; and Priapus is properly only a guardian of fields and 
gardens. 
m. Human Pursuits and Conditions. The number of personifications 
and deifications, bordering on allegory, of human qualities and relations, 
as also of representations of abstract ideas, is very considerable. But all 
these representations, with few exceptions, are either male or female figures 
of various ages, which can be distinguished from one another and accurately 
determined only by means of the attributes assigned to them; or also such 
allegorical figures are based on the representations of olden deities with 
such slight modifications as suffice to give them an individual character. 
3. Toe Herors. The fixity and definiteness of individual characteristics, 
which we have found produced in Grecian works of art not only by means 
of attributes and treatment but also by the shape and configuration of the 
body, were extended by ancient artists also to the heroes, at least the 
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